In the late 16th century, Zhi Dalun (支大綸), a metropolitan graduate who lived in Jiashan county in the Jiangnan region, established the regulation that all the creeks and streams in his property should be categorized as fangsheng-he, with all forms of fishing prohibited. This fact has been understood to imply that water, as well as land, were both regarded as the objects of private possession. The ownership of waters, distinct from that of farmland on the banks of the creeks, was thus construed of as a right protected by law. The origin of the private ownership of water can be traced back to the division of dikes and polders (fenyu 分圩), conducted in the Jiangnan delta from the late 15th century to the 16th century. This was a civil engineering reformation movement aimed at dividing large polders and dikes into smaller ones by constructing a network of creeks. Farmland owners lost the right of ownership to land, but gained the right to ownership of the new creeks. What caused Zhi Dalun to re-establish the existence of private creeks? Because of Zhi's success in the civil-service examination, he needed to change his lifestyle. Qualified as a government official (shidafu 士大夫), Zhi Dalun had to leave his residence in the village and move to live in the nearby walled city of Jiashan (嘉善). As he left the village, Zhi Dalun, like many other government officials, decided to give up farm management, and to leave agricultural work in the hands of the peasants, while he would collect land rent (dianzu 佃租) in return. Thus officials' move to cities, an increasingly common occurrence beginning in the 16th century, was a precondition for Zhi's regulation of fishing prohibitions in private creeks. It was not until the middle of the 16th century that the Zhi family of Jiashan County ascended to the official class. Originally they had been commoners, living in a city, making their living as lower-level teachers, small-scale retail merchants, or as clerks (xuli 胥吏) working in offices of local governments. The Zhi family moved up the social ladder in part by marrying into a wealthy family. Most of the officials in the Jiangnan Delta came from so-called ”cultivating literati families” (gengdu zhi jia 耕讀之家). They were farmers who managed their own farmland directly and ensured their children received a good education. Secondly, some officials were known to have come from wealthy merchant families living in cities. The Zhi family offers proof that there existed, although very rare and small in number, a third category of officials in the Jiangnan delta: commoners who moved to cities.