In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties when Buddhism was revived, Zen Buddhism also thrived thanks to the dominance of the Yangming School of Mind. Zen Buddhism highly valued self-consciousness; a clear mind was considered vital to discovering true human nature. However, due to unscrupulous behaviors resulting from following the mind in an unconstrained manner, the school was eventually satirized as “Wild Zen.” In response, Pure Land Buddhism master Yun Qi-zhu-hong (雲棲袾宏) attempted to abolish the corrupt practice of Wild Zen by proposing the method of chanting Amitabha. In addition, to counter the traditional belief that Zen Buddhism was superior to Pure Land Buddhism, he asserted that Zen Buddhism and Pure Land Buddhism should be practiced in tandem. However, these two schools held contradictory opinions toward the practice of Buddhism, i.e. such as whether the practice should rely on one’s true nature/mind or on external objects/other lands, which led to many debates. Such debates were also reflected in the creation of Chinese opera pieces such as Tan Hua Ji (曇花記) and Siou Wun Ji (修文記) written by Tu Long (屠隆) and the Xi Xiang Sheng Xian Ji (西廂昇仙記) by Huang Cui-Wu (黃粹吾) . Although these works promoted the belief of being reborn in a western paradise, the so-called Pure Land, the main idea of the works still involved the Zen Buddhist concept that “the pure land exists in the mind.” Those works consequently aroused contention among the Pure Land Buddhism followers. As a result, Ye Xianzu (葉憲祖) wrote Shuang Xiu Ji (雙修記) and a monk, Chin Da (智達) , wrote Guei Yuan Jing (歸元鏡) to refute the coexistence of Zen Buddhism and Pure Land Buddhism by focusing on the practice of Pure Land Buddhism in their opera pieces. These works reflected the debates of Zen and Pure Land Buddhism while also initiating new issues for Chinese opera. Based on opera theory, Pure Land Buddhism master Yun Qi-zhu-hong used Chinese opera to explicate the doctrine of Pure Land Buddhism, in an attempt to end the debate between Zen Buddhism practitioners and Pure Land Buddhism practitioners as to whether a western paradise exists, by presenting the concept that no matter whether a western paradise exists or not, performances onstage are not reality; full concentration on chanting Amitabha was the only right path. Furthermore, he created Yan Mo Qu Dian (諺謨曲典) to express his opinion on how practitioners of Buddhism appreciated operas. After that, Chin Da wrote Guei Yuan Jing to preach the doctrine of Pure Land Buddhism. He also wrote Xi Ju Rong Tong (戲劇融通) , Wen Da Yin Yuan (問答因緣) and Ke Wen Jue Yi (客問決疑) to elaborate on the fusion of Chinese opera and Buddhism. Stressing the standpoint of Pure Land Buddhism, he proposed “Dao Zhong Shuo” (道種說, meaning that nature possesses the seed of Buddhahood.) and the harmony of five causes: Buddha dharma, common principles, scripture, music and common convenient methods of practicing Buddhism. This further established the function and significance of preaching Buddhist doctrines through Chinese opera. Chin Da incorporated these theories into his creation, Guei Yuan Jing. In order to maintain religious style, he changed “Chuan Qi” (傳奇, meaning short stories.) into “Shi Lu” (實錄, meaning record.) and “Chu” (齣, meaning chapter.) into “Fen” (分, meaning part.) . In order to maintain the holiness of the operas, the contents were all based on truth and facts, emphasizing the authenticity of the script. Also, to enable ordinary people to chant Amitabha so that they could be reborn in the western paradise, common language and writing styles were stressed. In addition, the performance process was deemed a ritual; performers and audiences were to fast with pious minds and special performance rules were to be observed, such as seated performance or seated singing, also known as the anthem of Pure land Buddhism. With the idea of“preaching with music,” he changed the names of tunes, inserting incantation, anthem and Chinese orchestra music performance into the play. Important stories, doctrines and rituals were combined with music to praise the pure land of western paradise, truly implementing a convenient method to the harmony of the five causes.