氣候變遷與環境難民保障機制之研究：國際法規範體系與歐美國家之實踐_

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題名：	氣候變遷與環境難民保障機制之研究：國際法規範體系與歐美國家之實踐
書刊名：	歐美研究
作者：	王震宇
作者(外文)：	Wang, Blake C. Y.
出版日期：	2013
卷期：	43:1
頁次：	頁149-212
主題關鍵詞：	環境難民；氣候變遷難民；國際人權法；國際難民法；國際環境法；Environmental refugee；Climate change refugee；International Human Rights Law；International Refugee Law；International Environmental Law
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(4) 博士論文(0) 專書(1) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:4 共同引用:0 點閱:48

氣候變遷與環境難民是當代國際社會中特殊的現象，這些因受氣候變遷與環境影響而流離失所者，只能離開原居住地尋找安全處所定居，上述問題已無法以內國法有效處理。氣候變遷與環境難民在國際法上之定位仍有爭議，如何在尋求國際保護同時，又不違反國際法原則，國際社會必須密切合作，找出氣候變遷與環境難民保障機制之法律基礎，甚至制定新的氣候變遷與難民公約。本文以現有的國際難民保障體系為架構，並參酌歐美國家之實踐，提出以國際難民法、國際人權法、國際環境法等交錯競合的全新思維出發，試圖以多元思維的角度因應此複雜問題。

以文找文

Environmental Refugees constitute a unique phenomenon in the modern international community. These environmentally-displaced persons are affected by climate change or other environmental factors, such as drought, soil salinization, desertification, deforestation, which result in environmental degradation that make their homelands unsafe to inhabit. These people have no alternative but to leave home in search of more secure environments in which to live. Some environ-mental refugees migrate across borders, while others are internally displaced. The status and definition of environmental refugees are still controversial under international legal regimes. States and interna-tional organizations (especially the UNHCR) need to cooperate close-ly to build the legal foundations of a global governance regime to deal with environmental refugees.

以文找文

期刊論文
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5.	Chapman, A. R.(1993)。Symposium overview to earth rights and responsibilities: Human rights and environmental protection。Yale J. International Law，18(2)，215-411。
6.	Cooper, J. B.(1998)。Environmental refugees: Meeting the requirements of the refugee definition。New York University Environmental Law Journal，6(2)，480-530。
7.	Covell, T.(1991)。The bhopal disaster litigation: It's not over yet。North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation，16(1)，279-307。
8.	Docherty, B.、Giannini, T.(2009)。Confronting a rising tide: A proposal for a convention on climate change refugees。Harvard Environmental Law Review，33(2)，349-403。
9.	Drumbl, M.(1998)。Waging war against the world: the need to move from war crimes to environmental crimes。Fordham International Law Journal，22(1)，122-153。
10.	Falstrom, D. Z.(2002)。Stemming the flow of environmental displacement: Creating a convention to protect persons and preserve the environment。Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy，13(2)，1-29。
11.	Gillepsie, A.(2004)。Small island states in the face of climatic change: The end of the line in international environmental responsibility。UCLA Journal of Environmental Law & Policy，22(2)，107-129。
12.	Goodwin-Gill, G. S.(1986)。Commentary, non-refoulement and the new asylum seekers。Virginia Journal of International Law，26(3)，857-896。
13.	Hailbronner, K.(1986)。Non-refoulement and "humanitarian" refugees: Customary international law or wishful legal thinking?。Virginia Journal of International Law，26(3)，897-918。
14.	Havard, B.(2007)。Seeking protection: Recognition of environmentally displaced persons under international human rights law。Villanova Environmental Law Journal，18(1)，65-79。
15.	Hong, J.(2001)。Refugees of the 21st century: Environmental injustice。Cornell Journal Law and Public Policy，10(2)，323-348。
16.	Houghton, J.(1996)。Climate change calls for action now。Society of Chemical Industry，6，232。
17.	Jacobs, R. E.(2005)。Treading deep waters: Substantive law issues in Tuvalu's threat to sue the United States in the international court of justice。Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal，14(1)，103-128。
18.	Keane, D.(2004)。The environmental causes and consequences of migration: A search for the meaning of "environmental refugees.”。Georgetown International Environmental Law Review，16(2)，209-223。
19.	Kozoll, Christopher M.(2004)。Poisoning the well: Persecution, the environment, and refugee status。Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy，15(2)，271-309。
20.	Marauhn, T.(2000)。Environmental damage in times of armed conflict--Not "really" a matter of criminal responsibility?。International Review of the Red Cross，840，1029-1036。
21.	Martin, S.、Schoenholtz, A.、Meyers, D. W.(1998)。Temporary protection: Towards a new regional and domestic framework。Georgetown Immigration Law Journal，12(4)，543-550。
22.	Masters, S. B.(2000)。Environmentally induced migration: Beyond a culture of reaction。Georgetown Immigration Law Journal，14(4)，855-879。
23.	McAdam, J.(2005)。The European qualification directive: The creation of a subsidiary protection regime。International Journal Refugee Law，17(3)，461-516。
24.	McCue, G. S.(1993)。Environmental refugees: Applying international environmental law to involuntary migration。Georgetown International Environmental Law Review，6(2)，151-180。
25.	Menefee, S. P.(1991)。Half seas over: The impact of sea level rise on international law and policy。UCLA Journal of Environmental Law & Policy，9(1)，175-218。
26.	Perluss, D.、Hartman, J. F.(1986)。Temporary refuge: Emergence of a customary norm。Virginia Journal of International Law，26，551-626。
27.	Popovic, N. A. F.(1995)。Humanitarian law, protection of the environment, and human rights。Georgetown International Environmental Law Review，8(1)，67-77。
28.	Popovic, N. A. F.(1996)。In pursuit of environmental human rights: Commentary on the draft declaration of principles on human rights and the environment。Columbia Human Rights Law Review，27，487-603。
29.	Purrington, R.、Wynne, M.(1998)。Environmental racism: Is a nascent social science concept a sound basis for legal relief?。Houston Law Review，35(1)，34-35。
30.	Rabadi, S.(1998)。Developments in the executive branch。Georgetown Immigration Law Journal，13(1)，137-138。
31.	Ronzitti, N.(2000)。Is the non liquet of the final report by the committee established to review the NATO bombing campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia acceptable?。International Review of the Red Cross，840，1017-1028。
32.	Schoenholtz, A. I.、Muther, T. F.(1999)。Immigration and nationality。International lawyer，33(2)，517-536。
33.	Schwartz, M. L.(1993)。International legal protection for victims of environmental abuse。Yale Journal of International Law，18(2)，355-364。
34.	Simons, M.(2002)。The emergence of a norm against arbitrary forced relocation。Columbia Human Rights Law Review，34(1)，95-128。
35.	Weinstein, T.(2005)。Prosecuting attacks that destroy the environment: Environmental crimes or humanitarian atrocities?。Georgetown International Environmental Law Review，17(4)，697-722。
36.	European Council on Refugees and Exiles(2001)。Council Directive 2001/55/EC of 20 July 2001 on minimum standards for giving temporary protection in the event of a mass influx of displaced persons and on measures promoting a balance of efforts between member states in receiving such persons and bearing the consequence thereof。Official Journal，L212。

會議論文
1.	Myers, N.(200505)。Environmental refugees: An emergent security issue。The 13th Economic Forum, Organisation for Security and Cooperation，(會議日期: 2005/05/23-05/27)。Prague。

研究報告
1.	Biermann, F.、Boas, I.(2007)。Preparing for a warma world: Towards a global governance system to protect climate refugees。
2.	Cerna, M. M.(1988)。Involuntary resettlement in development projects: Policy guidelines in World Bank financed projects。
3.	McAdam, J.(2005)。Complementary protection and beyond: How states deal with human rights protection。Geneva, Switzerland：United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees。

圖書
1.	Anker, D. E.(1999)。Law of asylum in the United States。New York：Thomson West。
2.	Austin, J. E.、Bruch, C. E.(2000)。The environmental consequences of war: Legal, economic, and scientific perspectives。Cambridge, UK：Cambridge University Press。
3.	Chimni, B. S.(2000)。International refugee law。London：Sage。
4.	El-Hinnawi, E.(1985)。Environmental refugees。United Nations Environment Programme。
5.	Goodwin-Gill, Guy S.、McAdam, Jane(2007)。The refugee in international law。Oxford, UK：Oxford University Press。
6.	Hathaway, J.(1993)。The law of refugee status。Ottawa, Canada：Butterworths Law。
7.	International Organization for Migration、The Refugee Policy Group(1992)。Migration and the environment。Washington, DC：The Refugee Policy Group。
8.	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(2007)。Climate change 2007: The physical science basis。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。
9.	Jacobson, J. L.(1988)。Worldwatch paper 86: Environmental refugees: A yardstick of habitability。Washington DC：Worldwatch Institute。
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11.	McGregor, J.(1993)。Refugees and the environment。Geography and refugees: Patterns and processes of change。Hoboken, NJ：Wiley。
12.	Myers, N.(1996)。Environmentally-induced displacements: The state of the art。Environmentallyinduced population displacements and environmental impacts resulting from mass migrations。Geneva, Switzerland：UNHCR-IHM。
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14.	Ogata, S.(1992)。Statement at the UN conference on environment and development。Geneva, Switzerland：United Nations。
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17.	The World Bank(1992)。World development report--development and environment。Oxford, UK：Oxford University Press。
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19.	Gore, A.(1993)。Earth in the Balance。New York：Plume。

其他
1.	Corps, M.(2005)。A year of disasters: Accountability report 2005，http://www.mercycorps.org/files/file1136507926.pdf， 2010/10/10。
2.	Shahid, A.(2008)。Submission of the Maldives to OHCHR study, human rights council resolution 7/23: “human rights and climate change”: Maldives draft protocol on environmental refugees: A report on the original meeting and the proposed amendments to the 1951 convention and 1967 protocol，http://www.maldivesmission.ch/fileadmin/Pdf/Environment/Maldives_Submission_FINAL_250908_01.pdf， 2010/10/10。
3.	United Nations Environment Programme(2005)。A year of disasters 2005，http://www.unep.org/Annual Report/2005/Annual_Report03_A_year_of_disasters.pdf， 2010/10/10。
4.	United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(1997)。High Commissioner for Refugees. The state of the world's refugees: A humanitarian agenda，http://www.unhcr.org/publ/3eef1d896.html， 2010/10/10。
5.	United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(2007)。The 1951 refugee convention: Questions and answers，http://www.unhcr.org/basics/BASICS/3c0f495f4.pdf， 2010/10/10。
6.	United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(2008)。States parties to the 1951 convention relating to the status of refugees and the 1967 protocol，http://www.unhcr.org/protect/PROTECTION/3b73b0d63.pdf， 2010/10/10。
7.	United Nations University(2005)。Institute for environment and human security, as ranks of "environmental refugees" swell worldwide, calls grow for better definition, recognition, support，http://www.ehs.unu.edu/index.php/article:130?menu=44， 2010/10/10。
8.	Deng, F.(1998)。The guiding principles on internal displacement (E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.l)，http://www.reliefweb.int/ocha_ol/pub/idp_gp/idp.html， 2010/10/23。
9.	European Council on Refugees and Exiles(2004)。ECRE Information Note on the Council Directive 2004/83/EC of 29 April 2004 (IN1/10/2004/ext/CN)，http://www.ulb.ac.be/assoc/odysseus/CEAS/ECRE(%200CT%202004).pdf， 2010/10/10。
10.	United Nations(2003)。Security Council, Security Council condemns plunder of Democratic Republic of Congo's resources, requests new six-month mandate for investigative panel，http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/sc7642.doc.htm，(SC/7642)。 2013/02/02。
11.	United Nations Assembly(19980427)。President calls for continued UN involvement in tackling consequences of chernobyl, M2 Presswire，http://www.un.org/ha/chernobyl/docs/gasm37.htm， 2010/10/10。
12.	United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(1992)。Handbook on procedures and criteria for determining refugee status under the 1951 convention and the 1967 protocol relating to the status of refugees，http://www.unhcr.org/publ/PUBL/3d58e13b4.pdf， 2010/10/10。
13.	United States Citizenship and Immigration Services(2005)。Tsunami Temporary Protected Status Act of 2005 (H.R. 60, 109th Cong)，http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-109hr60ih/pdf/BILLS-109hr60ih.pdf， 2010/10/10。

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