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題名：職業暴露限制值制定中健康風險評估之運用
書刊名：勞工安全衛生研究季刊
作者：陳振菶 引用關係／吳幸娟／李聯雄／張詩吟
作者(外文)：Chen, Chen-peng／Wu, Hsing-chuan／Lee, Lien-hsiung／Chang, Shih-yin
出版日期：2013
卷期：21:1
頁次：頁53-85
主題關鍵詞：職業暴露限制值；健康風險評估；美國職業安全衛生署；Occupational exposure limits；Health risk assessment；US Occupational Safety and Health Administration
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健康風險評估是量化分析特定人類活動或經由該類活動所釋放毒性化學物質對個體及群體可生成危害機率之過程。隨著評估技術日臻完備，健康風險評估已逐步應用於作業環境中化學毒物暴露危害之評估，以輔助職業暴露限制值（Occupational Exposure Limit, OEL）之建立與管制措施之選用。本文探討健康風險評估於OEL制定之應用現況與趨勢，主要針對美國職業安全衛生署（US Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA）制定其容許濃度限制值時應用健康風險評估技術之特色討論。整體而言，針對OEL制定所進行之健康風險評估，在典型假設與分析方法各方面，與在其他領域進行者相較具獨特性。如OSHA在制定其容許暴露限制值時，考量作業環境與一般環境相比具暴露濃度較高與受暴露個體間變異性較小之特性，同時因應美國最高法院對控管技術與經濟層面可行性考量之要求，在評估過程中慣於發展符合政策需求之典型假設，諸如致癌性評估中逾量風險值之設定、不確定性因子之安全係數運用、以及暴露評估之參數設定等。如我國相關權責單位考慮建立健康風險評估在OEL制定上之運用規範，建議針對評估技術於OEL制定時之獨特性進一步探討，包括健康風險評估中暴露評估部分所使用之暴露參數規範，以及評估過程所使用不確定性係數之運用規則。
期刊論文
1.Rhomberg LR.(1997)。A survey of methods for chemical health risk assessment among federal regulatory agencies。Human and Ecological Risk Assessment，3(6)，1029-1196。  new window
2.Lin JM, Wu JD.(2003)。Comment on setting up occupational exposure level in relation to risk assessment。Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Journal，11，320-333。  new window
圖書
1.Paustenbach D.(2002)。Primer on human and environmental risk assessment。Human and ecological risk assessment--theory and practice。New York, NY, USA：John Wiley and Sons。  new window
2.Council of Labor Affairs (CLA)(2010)。Standards of Permissible Exposure Limits of Airborne Hazardous Substances in Workplace。Taipei, Taiwan：ROC Executive Yuan, CLA。  new window
3.Gillotti GJ.(2001)。Government regulations and their impacts。Fundamentals of industrial hygiene。Washington, DC, USA：National Safety Council。  new window
4.National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)(1995)。Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): NIOSH chemical listing and documentation of revised IDLH value。NTIS Publication。Cincinnati, OH, USA：Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NIOSH。  new window
5.United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA)(1989)。Risk assessment guidance for Superfund, Volume I, Part A: human health evaluation manual。EPA/540/1-89/002。Washington, DC, USA：USEPA, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response。  new window
6.National Academy of Sciences(2007)。Scientific review of the proposed risk assessment bulletin from the Office of Management and Budget。Washington, DC, USA：National Academies Press。  new window
7.United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA)(2005)。Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment。EPA/630/P-03/001F。Washington, DC, USA：USEPA, Risk Assessment Forum。  new window
8.United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA)(2005)。Supplemental guidance for assessing susceptibility from earlylife exposure to carcinogens。EPA/630/R-03/003F。Washington, DC, USA：USEPA, Risk Assessment Forum。  new window
9.United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA )(1998)。Guide lines for neurotoxicity risk assessment。EPA/630/R-95/001F。Washington, DC, USA：USEPA, Risk Assessment Forum。  new window
10.United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA )(1996)。Guide lines for reproductive toxicity risk assessment。EPA/630/R-95/009。Washington, DC, USA：USEPA, Risk Assessment Forum。  new window
11.United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA )(1991)。Guide lines for developmental toxicity risk assessment。EPA/600/FR-91/001。Washington, DC, USA：USEPA, Risk Assessment Forum。  new window
12.United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA)(2000)。Supplementary guidance for conducting health risk assessment of chemical mixtures。EPA/630/R-00/002。Washington, DC, USA：USEPA, Risk Assessment Forum。  new window
13.United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA)(2000)。Science Policy Council handbook: risk characterization。EPA 100-B-00-002。Washington, DC, USA：Office of Science Policy and Office of Research and Development。  new window
14.United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA)(2000)。Benchmark dose technical guidance document。EPA/630/R-00/001。Washington, DC, USA：USEPA, National Center for Environmental Assessment。  new window
15.United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA)(2002)。A review of the Reference Dose and Reference Concentration processes。EPA/630/P-02/002F。Washington, DC, USA：USEPA, Risk Assessment Forum。  new window
16.United States General Accounting Office(USGAO)(2001)。Chemical risk assessment: selected federal agencies’ procedures, assumptions, and policies, Appendix IV: chemical risk assessment at the Occupational Safety and Health Administration。Report to Congressional Requesters GAO-01-810。Washington, DC, USA：USGAO。  new window
17.Office of Science and Technology Policy(OSTP)(19850314)。Chemical carcinogens: a review of the science and its associated principles。Washington, DC, USA：US Executive Office of the President, OSTP。  new window
18.Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA)(19970110)。Occupational exposure to methylene chloride。Final Rule。Washington, DC, USA：US Department of Labor, OSHA。  new window
19.Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA)(19961104)。Occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene。Final Rule。Washington, DC, USA：US Department of Labor, OSHA。  new window
20.Council of Labor Affairs(CLA)(2009)。2008 working plan for assessment of impact from revision of Permissible Exposure Limits listing in Standards of Permissible Exposure Limits of Airborne Hazardous Substances in Workplace。Taipei, Taiwan：ROC Executive Yuan, CLA。  new window
21.Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH)(2008)。Operation guidelines for workgroup on review of RELs for workplace hazards。Taipei, Taiwan：ROC Executive Yuan, Council of Labor Affairs, IOSH。  new window
其他
1.United States Environmental Protecton Agency(USEPA)(2008)。Acute Exposure Guidance Level (AEGL) Program，Washington, DC, USA：USEPA, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, AEGL Program。，http://www.epa.gov/oppt/aegl/， 008/12/12。  new window
2.United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)(2008)。Benchmark dose sofeware (BMDS)，Washington, DC, USA：USEPA, National Center for Environmental Assessment。，http://www.epa.gov/ncea/bmds/index.html， 2008/10/01。  new window
3.United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA )(2009)。Integrated Risk Information System，Washington, DC, USA：USEPA。，http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.cfm， 2008/10/01。  new window
 
 
 
 
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