| 期刊論文| 1. | Klapp, O.(1949)。Worship in America。American Sociological Review，14(1)，57 -63。   | | 2. | Smith, Garry(197301)。The Sport Hero : An Endangered Species。Quest，19(1)，59-70。 | | 3. | Burton, R.、Farelly, F.、Quester, P.(2001)。Exploring the Curious Demand for Athletes with Controversial Images: A Review of Anti-Hero Product Endorsement Advertising。International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship，2(4)，315-330。 | | 4. | Strudler, K.(2006)。Media Sports Stars and Adolescents: A Statistical Analysis of Mediated Sports Stars Based on Self-concept Congruity。The Sport Journal，9(3)。 | | 5. | Balswick, J.、Ingoldsby, B.(1982)。Heroes and Heroines among American Adolescents。Sex Roles，8(3)，243-249。 | | 6. | Hsia, T. A.(1963)。Heroes and Hero-Worship in Chinese Communist Fiction。China Quarterly，13，113-138。 | 會議論文| 1. | Cuthbert, F. A.(2005)。Community Journalism: Hope for a Society Without Heroes。Proceedings of the Media Ecology Association Volume 6, Sixth Annual Convention，Fordham University (會議日期: June 22-26, 2005)。 | 學位論文| 1. | Shuart, J. A.(2002)。The Athlete as Hero and Celebrity Endorser(碩士論文)。University of Connecticut。 | 圖書| 1. | Lin, Xin Hua(2011)。Chinese Semiotics: Socio-semiotics。Shang Hai：Oriental Publication Center。 | | 2. | Carlyle, T.(1840)。On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History。London：Oxford。 | | 3. | Rollin, R.(1983)。The Lone Ranger and Lenny Sputnik: The Hero as Popular Culture。The Hero in Transition。Bowling Green：BGU Popular Press。 | | 4. | Gerzon, M. A.(1982)。Choice of Heroes: The Changing faces of American manhood。Boston：Houghton Mifflin。 | | 5. | Strate, L.(1994)。Heroes: A Communication Perspective。American Heroes in a Media Age。Cresskill, NJ：Hampton Press。 | | 6. | Harris, J. C.(1994)。Athletes and the American hero dilemma。Champaign, IL：Human Kinetics。 | | 7. | Campbell, Joseph(1968)。The Hero with a Thousand Faces。Princeton University Press。 | |