西方國家在十九世紀下半葉的快速都會化發展後，日益擁擠的城市不僅在社會秩序與文化認同上出現各種新型態的挑戰，在硬體居住環境上也產生攸關住民存亡的健康問題。擁擠的居住空間使得生活品質惡化，隨著傷寒與霍亂等傳染病的蔓延，貧窮也進一步被與疾病劃上等號。自1870年代起，德國都市計畫師開始以科學之名將衛生（hygiene）概念運用於都市計畫。衛生指的是身體的、也是街道的、與城市空間的潔淨。以科學、經濟、衛生等條件為基礎所發展的「秩序井然」（geordnete），都市計畫於是成為主流。身體的潔淨被用來對抗疾病，而城市的潔淨則被用來合法化清除貧民窟的必要。十九世紀末期德國醫學菁英已開始致力於推廣健康與居住環境間有密切關係之概念，住宅與工業衛生技術、科學衛生概念與都會改造，自此被串連在一起。隨後在兩次世界大戰期間的現代主義運動都市建設理念，以衛生概念為依歸，逐步架構出充滿陽光、輕盈開放、潔白無暇的現代化都會空間。然而，以「進步」、「潔淨」、「秩序」為依歸的都會改革理念，並非如歐、美現代主義建築師所推崇的毫無理論與實踐上的盲點。本文以柏林都會計畫案例中關於衛生概念的討論為核心，耙梳十九世紀中期至二十世紀初期，工業化後的歐洲都會發展中的衛生概念，旨在探討其與科學知識直接相關之部分，在西方現代都會空間規劃理念發展過程中扮演的角色。在追溯被視為極權範例的柏林都會改造計畫歷史脈絡的同時，釐清今日世界都會更新理論中「潔淨」、掃除都會「髒污」、創造「秩序井然」意象等富含極權的元素，其思維邏輯如何在西方工業化、現代化發展過程中，以科學之名得到合法性。

Rapid urbanization during the second half of the nineteenth century confronted the increasingly congested cities of Western Europe with challenges to do not only with social order and cultural identity, but also with public health and living conditions. The living environment, which already suffered deterioration, was worsened by the spread of contagious diseases such as typhoid, cholera, and tuberculosis. As a consequence, slums and poverty were equated with diseases. In the 1870s German urban planners started to apply the concept of hygiene to urban planning in the name of science. Hygiene referred both to cleanliness of the body and to cleanliness of streets and urban space. Thus based on considerations of science, economy, and health, the creation of an ”orderly” (geordnete) city became the prime aim of urban development. Whereas bodily cleanliness was necessary to combat disease, demolishing slums was seen as essential to maintain public health and well being in an orderly city. The dissemination of this knowledge brought industrial hygiene technology into daily life and increasingly manifested itself in urban renewal plans at the end of the nineteenth century. In the inter-war period, proponents of the Modern Movement promoted urban development with the idea of a ”white” urban environment built with more sunlight, open space, and cleanliness. However, the urban planning concept based on ”progress,” ”cleanliness,” and ”order” was not as straightforward as European and American modernist architects claimed it to be, either in theory or in practice. This article focuses on the concept of hygiene in the urban planning of Berlin in order to reconstruct the urban historical discourse through the relevant publications from the mid-nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. Second, this article explores the role the concept of hygiene played in the theory of reconstructing European modern urban space. Finally, it also attempts to clarify how notions containing substantial totalitarian elements, such as sanitation, cleansing the urban ”dirt,” and creating order, were justified in the name of science during the process of industrialization and modernization.