美國與歐盟作為全球最為龐大的兩大區域經濟體，對於能源之需求不言可喻。然而傳統化石能源消耗所引發的氣候變遷問題，以及供應安全疑慮之背景下，該兩大經濟體就再生能源領域積極發展，希冀藉此改善環境汙染問題、減緩溫室氣體排放，以及降低對進口化石燃料之依賴。而在消耗量龐大的交通運輸部門中，歐盟與美國不約而同側重發展生質燃料技術與推動相關政策與法規，來降低運輸用能源對傳統化石燃料的依賴，且生質燃料具有直接替代或降低進口化石燃料，直接切入能源供應體系優勢。因此，本文將聚焦於歐盟與美國聯邦所推動生質燃料之法規與政策背景，以及面對生質燃料負面環境問題，其針對生質燃料逐步推動的永續性發展規範為主要討論中心。動生質燃料之法規與政策背景，以及面對生質燃料負面環境問題，其針對生質燃料逐步推動的永續性發展規範為主要討論中心。

As the world’s two largest economies, the European Union (E.U.) and the United States (U.S.) are dependent on traditional fossil fuels for transportation, and consume more traditional fossil fuels than any other countries, or regions. Hence, for these two regions, dealing with shortages of traditional fossil fuels and battling global climate change are critically important. In recent years, bio-fuel, a much debated and controversial alternative energy source, has been proposed as a solu-tion or a strategic policy tool, in answer to the aforementioned con-cerns in the transportation sectors of many other countries. The U.S. and the E.U. have developed comprehensive regulations to promote the usage of bio-fuels, such as mandates or direct/indirect subsidies, etc. This article aims to review the history and development of biofuel policies and legislation in U.S. and E.U., such as the “Renewable En-ergy Directive” and “Renewable Fuel Standard II”, and focuses on the sustainable development criteria of biofuel legislation in these regions.