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題名：無法抗拒的轟動與行銷：雅妲‧愛賽克‧曼肯在十九世紀美國舞臺上、下的身體和性別展演
書刊名：藝術評論
作者：林雯玲 引用關係
作者(外文)：Lin, Wen-ling
出版日期：2015
卷期：28
頁次：頁35-73
主題關鍵詞：曼肯；馬茲帕；性別展演；身體展演；十九世紀美國女演員；Menken；Mazeppa；Gender performance；Body enactment；Nineteenth-century American actress
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1861年6月初，雅妲‧愛賽克‧曼肯（Adah Isaacs Menken, 1835-1868）在一齣老掉牙的通俗劇《馬茲帕》（Mazeppa）中反串扮演劇名所指的男主角，以史無前例的驚險動作和「裸露」，給了美國紐約州州府奧巴尼市的觀眾一大震撼。在劇情高潮處，馬茲帕王子被敵人剝光衣服綁到馬背，然後馬匹往小山急奔而去。曼肯拋棄當時多數使用假人的習慣，親自上陣。更令人震驚的是，穿著肉色緊身褲的她看起來像是裸體。曼肯的《馬茲帕》造成極大的轟動，讓這齣戲不到兩個星期就能到紐約市演出，而後在美國各大城市巡演，並踏上倫敦和巴黎演出。短短四年內，曼肯成為歐美名人，並一度成為收入最優渥的女演員。雖說曼肯是因反串馬茲帕而一夕成名，但其持續不墜的名氣和吸引力，絕不只是靠著「裸露的身體」，也因曼肯在舞臺和圖像所呈現的多元與多變，且異於主流的身體和性別展演。本文首先爬梳當時美國文化和劇場脈絡，檢視他們如何折衝女演員的性別角色和馴化其身體。在此脈絡下，可以理解一個性慾化的身體、拋頭露面的女性，完全違反當時理想的女性論述，是逾矩僭越的，但曼肯的性慾化身體在當時的劇場並非是特例，其後也不乏模仿曼肯卻始終默默無聞的女演員們。因此，曼肯成名後能維持轟動，且是在以中產階級觀眾為主的劇院演出是非常獨特的。本文認為，在當時對性別和性慾都是本質論的時代，曼肯在舞臺上、下呈現的多元身體和角色扮演，不論是高度性慾化的、雌雄同體的，或是貞潔居家的，無疑是令人困惑，也令人著迷的，其萬花筒式的身體和性別展演是成功推銷女演員作為一個商品的重要原因之一。
"In early June of 1861, Adah Isaacs Menken shocked Albany, NY by performing a nude scene as the Tartar prince in Mazeppa, or The Wild Horse of Tartar. At the climax of each performance, the Tartar prince (Menken) was stripped naked by his captors and then tied to a wild horse, which would gallop up a mountain on the stage. Discarding the customary use of a dummy, Menken was strapped to the back of a real black horse. More astoundingly, she appeared “naked”, although actually wearing flesh-colored tights. Menken caused a great sensation and brought the show to New York City two weeks later. She soon toured to other big cities in America and afterwards to London and Paris with great success. Within four years, Menken had become a celebrity and for a period of time the most well-paid actress in America. Although Menken became famous overnight by performing Mazeppa, the ongoing sensation she caused was a reaction to not only her “naked body”, but also her multiple ways of enacting her body and gender on stage and in pictures. This article first examines the theatrical and cultural context of nineteenth-century American theater by looking at the status of actresses and how the female body was tamed on the stage. Only in this context will one realize that Menken’s sexualized body is transgressive. However, “nudity” was nothing new in American show business and many imitators of Menken remained obscure. This article argues that Menken’s gender performance and various ways of representing her body, sexualized, androgynous, or chaste, helped her maintain her fame and sensational appeal."
期刊論文
1.Buszek, Maria-Elena(1999)。Representing "Awarishness": Burlesque, feminist transgression, and the 19th-century pin-up。The Drama Review，43(4)，141-162。  new window
2.Butsch, Richard(1994)。Bowery B'hoys and Matinee Ladies: The Re-Gendering of Nineteenth-Century American Theater Audiences。American Quarterly，46(3)，374-405。  new window
圖書
1.Garber, Marjorie B.(1992)。Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing & Cultural Anxiety。New York：Routledge。  new window
2.Howe, Elizabeth(1992)。The First English Actresses: Women and Drama, 1660-1700。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
3.Allen, Robert C.(1991)。Horrible prettiness: Burlesque and American culture。Chapel Hill：The University of North Carolina Press。  new window
4.Bassham, Ben L.(1978)。The theatrical photographs of Napoleon Sarony。Kent, OH：Kent State University Press。  new window
5.Chinoy, Helen K.、Jenkins, Linda Walsh(1981)。Women in American theatre: Careers, images, movements。New York：Crown。  new window
6.Dudden, Faye E.(1994)。Women in the American theatre: actresses and audiences, 1790-1870。New Haven：Yale University Press。  new window
7.Falk, Bernard(1934)。The naked lady: A biography of Adah Isaacs Menken。New York：Hutchinson & Co.。  new window
8.Fern, Fanny、Warren, Joyce W.(1994)。Ruth hall and other writings。New Brunswick, NJ：Rutgers University Press。  new window
9.Halttunen, Karen(1992)。Confidence men and painted women: A study of middle-class culture in America, 1830-1870。New Haven：Yale University Press。  new window
10.Lewis, Paul(1964)。Queen of the plaza: A biography of Adah Isaacs Menken。New York：Funk & Wagnalls。  new window
11.McArthur, Benjamin(2000)。Actors and American culture, 1880-1920。Iowa City：University of Iowa Press。  new window
12.McCullough, Jack W.(1993)。Living pictures on the New York stage。Ann Arbor, MI：UMI Research Press。  new window
13.Northcott, Richard(1921)。Adah Issacs Menken: An illustrated biography。London：The Press Printer。  new window
14.Sentilles, Renee M.(2003)。Performing Menken: Adah Isaacs Menken and the birth of American celebrity。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
15.Piepmeier, Alison(2004)。Out in public: Configurations of women's bodies in nineteenth-century America。Chapel Hill：The University of North Carolina Press。  new window
16.曾恩波(1973)。世界攝影史。臺北：藝術圖書公司。  延伸查詢new window
17.Butler, Judith P.(1990)。Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity。Routledge。  new window
其他
1.City Gallery。Carte de Visite，http://www.city-gallery.com/learning/types/carte_de_visite/index.php， 2014/03/30。  new window
2.Dicken, Samuel。Adah Issacs Menken (1935-1568)，http://www.sfmuseum.org/bio/adah.html， 2014/03/30。  new window
3.National Media Museum。Insight: Collections and Research Center，http://www.nmpft.org.uk/insight/collectiononline_group.asp?exid=22&offset=27， 2014/03/30。  new window
4.Jirousek, Charlotte。An Interactive Textbook，http://char.txa.cornell.edu/art/dress/historic/romantic/romantic.htm， 2014/03/30。  new window
5.Museum of the City of San Francisco。Virtual Museum of the city of San Francisco，http://www.sfmuseum.org/bio/adah.html， 2014/03/30。  new window
圖書論文
1.Aiken, George L.(1966)。Introduction to Uncle Tom's Cabin。Dramas from the American theatre, 1762-1909。Cleveland, OH：World。  new window
2.Bank, Rosemarie K.(2006)。The second face of the idol: Women in melodrama。Women in American theatre。New York：Theatre Communicates Group。  new window
3.Foster, Charles(1871)。Bertha, the sewing machine girl。When conscience trod the stage: American plays of social awareness。Brooklyn：Feedback Theatrebooks & Prospero Press。  new window
4.Johnson, Claudia D.(2006)。Enter the Harlot。Women in American Theatre。New York：Theatre Communicates。  new window
5.McConachie, Bruce(1998)。American theatre in context, from the beginnings to 1870。The Cambridge history of American theatre: Volume One, Beginnings to 1870。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
6.McConachie, Bruce(1993)。Museum theatre and the problem of respectability for mid-century Urban Americans。The American stage。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
7.Shafer, Yvonne(2006)。Women in male roles: Charlotte Cushman and others。Women in American Theatre。New York：Theatre Communicates Group。  new window
8.Walen, Denise A.(1998)。Such a Romeo as we had never ventured to hope for: Charlotte Cushman。Passing performance: Queer readings of leading players in American theater history。Ann Arbor：University of Michigan Press。  new window
9.Butler, Judith(1990)。Performative acts and gender constitution: An essay in phenomenology and feminist theory。Performing feminisms: Feminist critical theory and theatre。Baltimore, MD：The Johns Hopkins University Press。  new window
 
 
 
 
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