L3 Initial State: Typological Primacy Driven, L2 Factor Determinded, or L1 Feature Oriented?_

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題名：	L3 Initial State: Typological Primacy Driven, L2 Factor Determinded, or L1 Feature Oriented?
書刊名：	Taiwan Journal of Linguistics
作者：	江丕賢
作者(外文)：	Kong, Stano
出版日期：	2015
卷期：	13:2
頁次：	頁79-116
主題關鍵詞：	L3 pronouns；Interpretability；Topics；UG；Initial state；三語代名詞；解釋性；主題；普遍語法；初階
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(1) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:0 共同引用:1 點閱:20

近年來，多語言和三語習得(L3)的觀察顯示：成人的三語習得不同於二語習得(L2)的原因是在語言遷移。二語習得的語言遷移現象涉及單一語言習得，但母語和二語習得在三語習得中是有效的。本文探討主要子句和嵌入句中空主語和空受語之代名詞現象。受試者是L2為進階英語的漢語成年者，並且分別習得初級法語和西語。這項研究用以測試三篇不同解釋三語初階之自然性的理論。Tsimpli與Dimitrakopoulou (2007) 的《解釋性假設》對成年學習者於往後語言習得上提出明確聲明：後期語言習得上，成年學習者無法達到非解釋性上的句法特徵。Bardel與Falk (2007 and 2011) 的《二語因素》反對母語遷移，並提出後天性二語的構詞句法特質使三語習得較易成功。最後Rothman (2011) 的《類型學主導趨向》主張：三語習得和前期語言習得(L1或L2)在類型學上的相似性對語習遷移有決定性因素。此結論與《二語因素》和《解釋性假設》相似。學習者在主要子句和嵌入句中空主、受語情況的不對稱顯示：不但主、受語連主要子句和嵌入句都被第三語言是法語和西語的學習者做了不同的處理。Kong (2005) 解釋了成年學習者無法達到非解讀性句法特徵。反之，中介語語法涉及漢語主題詞的使用。主題詞只要在每句之首，其他位置的論元則可被省略。

以文找文

The present study investigates the interpretation of null subject and object pronouns in matrix and embedded clauses by twenty-five adult Chinese speakers of advanced L2 English acquiring L3 French in the initial stage and twenty-three participants of the same L1/L2 background acquiring L3 Spanish in the initial stage. It tests predictions made by three theories in L3 acquisition: the Typological Primacy Model of Rothman (2011), the L2 Status Factor of Bardel and Falk (2007) and Falk and Bardel (2011), and the Interpretability Hypothesis of Tsimpli and Dimitrakopoulou (2007). Asymmetries displayed in learners’ interpretation of null matrix subjects and null embedded subjects as well as in null matrix subjects and null matrix and embedded objects suggest not only subjects and objects but also matrix and embedded clauses are treated differently by L1 Chinese/L2 English speakers of L3 French and L3 Spanish. The observed behaviour can be explained following Kong (2005) that adult learners have no access to uninterpretable syntactic features.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Alexiadou, Artemis、Anagnostopoulou, Elena(1998)。Parametrizing AGR: Word order, V-movement and EPP-checking。Natural Language and Linguistic Theory，16(3)，491-539。
2.	Hawkins, Roger、Chan, Yuet Hung Cecilia(1997)。The partial availability of Universal Grammar in second language acquisition: the 'failed functional features hypothesis'。Second Language Research，13(3)，187-226。
3.	Hawkins, Roger、Hattori, Hajime(2006)。Interpretation of English multiple wh-questions by Japanese speakers: A missing uninterpretable feature account。Second Language Research，22(3)，269-301。
4.	Yuan, B. P.(1997)。Asymmetry of null subjects and null objects in Chinese speakers' L2 English。Studies in Second Language Acquisition，19(4)，467-497。
5.	Falk, Ylva、Bardel, Camilla(2011)。Object pronouns in German L3 syntax: Evidence for the L2 status factor。Second Language Research，27(1)，59-82。
6.	江丕賢(20111200)。The Non-droppability of Uninterpretable Features in Second Language Acquisition: On the Interpretation of Resumptive Pronouns in L2 Chinese。Taiwan Journal of Linguistics，9(2)，159-194。
7.	Leung, Yan-kit Ingrid(2007)。L3 acquisition: Why is it interesting to generative linguists。Second Language Research，23，95-114。
8.	Montrul, Silvina、Slabakova, Roumyana(2003)。Competence similarities between native and near-native speakers: An Investigation of the preterite/imperfect contrast in Spanish。Studies in Second Language Acquisition，25，351-398。
9.	Park, Hyeson(2004)。A minimalist approach to null subjects and objects in second language acquisition。Second Language Research，20，1-32。
10.	Rothman, Jason、Michael, Iverson(2008)。Poverty-of-the-stimulus and L2 epistemology: Considering L2 knowledge of aspectual phrasal semantics。Language Acquisition: Journal of Developmental Linguistics，15，270-314。
11.	Rothman, Jason、Cabrelli-Amaro, Jennifer(2010)。What variables condition syntactic transfer? A look at the L3 initial state。Second Language Research，26，189-218。
12.	Rothman, Jason、Iverson, Michael、Judy, Tiffany(2011)。Introduction: Some notes on the generative study of L3 acquisition。Second Language Research，27，5-19。
13.	Slabakova, Roumyana、Montrul, Silvina(2003)。Genericity and aspect in L2 acquisition。Language Acquisition，11，165-196。
14.	Song, Hyang、Schwartz, Bonnie(2009)。Testing the fundamental Difference Hypothesis: L2 adult, L2 child, and L1 child comparisons in the acquisition of Korean wh-constructions with Negative Polarity Items。Studies in Second Language Acquisition，31，323-361。
15.	Kamimoto, Tadamitsu、Shimura, Aki、Kellerman, Eric(1992)。A Second Language Classic Reconsidered: The Case of Schachter's Avoidance。Second Language Research，8(3)，251-277。
16.	Kong, S.(2005)。The partial access of universal grammar in second language acquisition: an investigation of the acquisition of English subjects by LI Chinese speakers。Journal of East Asian Linguistics，14，227-265。
17.	Tsimpli, Ianthi-Maria、Dimitrakopoulou, Maria(2007)。The Interpretability Hypothesis: Evidence from Wh-interrogatives in second language Acquisition。Second Language Research，23，215-242。
18.	Tsimpli, Ianthi-Maria、Roussou, Anna(1991)。Parameter-resetting in L2?。UCL Working Papers in Linguistics，3，149-170。
19.	Bardel, Camilla、Falk, Ylva(2007)。The role of the second language in third language acquisition: The case of Germanic syntax。Second Language Research，23(4)，459-484。
20.	Flynn, Suzanne、Foley, Claire、Vinnitskaya, Inna(2004)。The Cumulative-Enhancement Model for Language Acquisition: Comparing Adults' and Children's Patterns of Development in First, Second and Third Language Acquisition of Relative Clauses。The International Journal of Multilingualism，1(1)，3-16。
21.	Rothman, Jason(2011)。L3 syntactic transfer selectivity and typological determinancy: The typological primacy model。Second Language Research，27，107-127。
22.	Williams, Sarah、Hammarberg, Björn(1998)。Language switches in L3 production: Implications for a polyglot speaking model。Applied Linguistics，19(3)，295-333。
23.	Thomas, Margaret(1995)。Acquisition of Japanese reflexive zibun and movement of anaphors in Logical Form。Second Language Research，11，206-234。
24.	Huang, Cheng-Teh James(1984)。On the distribution and reference of empty pronouns。Linguistic Inquiry，15(4)，531-574。
25.	Boskovic, Zeljko、高橋大厚(1998)。Scrambling and last resort。Linguistic Inquiry，29，347-366。
26.	White, Lydia、Bruhn-Garavito, Joyce、Kawasaki, T.、Pater, Joe、Prevost, Philippe(1997)。The researcher gave the subject a test about himself: Problems of ambiguity and preference in the investigation of reflexive binding。Language Learning，47，145-175。
27.	Kong, Stano(2011)。Monomorphemic and polymorphemic anaphors in L2 Chinese。Journal of Chinese Linguistics，39，451-477。

圖書
1.	Smith, Neil V.、Tsimpli, Ianthi-maria(1995)。The Mind of A Savant: Language Learning and Modularity。Oxford：Blackwell。
2.	Allan, Dave(1992)。The Oxford Placement Test。Oxford：Oxford University Press。
3.	Chomsky, Noam(1995)。The minimalist program。MIT Press。

圖書論文
1.	Hammarber, Bjorn(2001)。Role of L1 and L2 in L3 production and acquisition。Crosslinguistic influence in third language acquisition: psycholinguistic perspectives。London：Multilingual Matters。
2.	Zobl, Helmut(1994)。Prior linguistic knowledge and the conservation of the learning procedure: Grammaticality judgements of unilingual and multilingual learners。Language Transfer in Language Learning。Amsterdam：John Benjamins。
3.	Kellerman, Eric(1983)。Now you see it, now you don't。Language Transfer in Language Learning。Amsterdam：John Benjamins。
4.	Kellerman, Eric(1986)。An eye for an eye: Crosslinguistic constraints on the development of the L2 lexicon。Crosslinguistic Influence in Second Language Acquisition。Pergamon。
5.	Li, Charles N.、Thompson, Sandra A.(1976)。Subject and Topic: A New Typology of Language。Subject and Topic。Academic Press。

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