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題名：食品供應鏈中惡意汙染行為之防治：以美國、歐盟與國際組織的實踐為例
書刊名：歐美研究
作者：譚偉恩 引用關係
作者(外文)：Tan, Wei-en
出版日期：2016
卷期：46:4
頁次：頁563-602
主題關鍵詞：食品安全；食品供應鏈；食品恐怖主義；惡意的食品汙染行為；威脅評估與關鍵管制點；Food safety；Food supply chain；Food terrorism；Deliberate food contamination；TACCP
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(1) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
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  • 共同引用共同引用:228
  • 點閱點閱:81
本文對「食品供應鏈」進行研究與分析，說明何以在供應鏈後端的惡意汙染行為較難預防，卻受害者範圍較小。反之，在供應鏈前端的汙染行為並不容易得逞，惟一旦成功則往往造成較為嚴重之損害後果。研究結果顯示，預防食品受到惡意汙染行為的治理重點應聚焦在對「威脅」的控管；操作上，威脅評估與關鍵管制點是值得考慮之治理途徑。鑑於現行全球食品貿易自由化的趨勢與結構不可逆，食安風險必然不會消失，在容許風險的概念下，建立預防威脅擴大和限縮損害結果的治理機制，將是防治惡意汙染食品行為較為務實之辦法。
This paper discusses current issues in the global food supply chain (FSC). More specifically, it focuses on why it is difficult to prevent de-liberate, criminal contamination in downstream sections of the FSC, yet only limited harm is done to consumers. The paper also investi-gates why it is more feasible to hamper the food contamination in the upstream of FSC while the adverse effect could be serious given the effective criminal behavior. Observing the practices of food safety governance in the US, the EU and international organizations (the WHO in particular), the key point in preventing deliberate contami-nation should be the management of ‘threats.’ It is worth noting that threat assessment and critical control points (TACCP), as an approach to governing food safety, is certainly a considerable alternative. Thanks to the irreversible structures and trends associated with global food trade liberalization, current risks of food contamination from various sources will by no means fade away. Given this, efforts to establish an institution based on the concept of acceptable risk for preventing threats while managing the spillover effects of damages are a pragmatic means of defending against deliberate food-contamination.
期刊論文
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2.譚偉恩(20150700)。論跨國食品詐欺及其治理。全球政治評論，51，123-146。new window  延伸查詢new window
3.林鈺雄(20141101)。食安防線與食品犯罪--從正義、頂新黑油事件說起。臺灣法學雜誌，259，1-6。  延伸查詢new window
4.Casey, D.、Lawless, J.、Wall, P.(2010)。A tale of two crises: The Belgian and Irish dioxin contamination incidents。British Food Journal，112(10)，1077-1091。  new window
5.Dardis, R.、Davenport, G.、Kurin, J.、Marr, J.(1983)。Risk-benefit analysis and the determination of acceptable risk。Journal of Consumer Affairs，17(1)，38-56。  new window
6.DeWaal, C. S.(2004)。Rising imports, bioterrorism, and the food supply。Food and Drug Law Journal，59(3)，433-439。  new window
7.Ely, A.、Stirling, A.、Dreyer, M.、Renn, O.、Vos, E.、Wendler, F.(2009)。The need for change。Food safety governance--Integrating, science, precaution and public involvement，11-27。  new window
8.Yoon, E.、Shanklin, C.(2007)。Food terrorism: Perceptional gaps between importance and performance of preventive measures。Journal of Foodservice Business Research，10(4)，3-23。  new window
9.Yasar, S.、Boselli, E.(2015)。Perception and awareness of the European Union food safety framework。Italian Journal of Food Science，27(1)，1-9。  new window
10.Stearns, D.(2008)。Intentional contamination: The legal risks and responsibilities。Journal of Environmental Health，70(6)，58-59。  new window
11.Wallace, C.、Powell, S.、Holyoak, L.(2005)。Development of methods for standardised HACCP assessment。British Food Journal，107(10)，723-742。  new window
12.Sözen, B. U.、Hecer, C.(2013)。Is HACCP a difficult food safety system to implement。Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences，7(19)，33-38。  new window
13.Sirbu, M.(2010)。Green paper on bio-preparedness--General comments。Journal of Medicine and Life，3(4)，430-432。  new window
14.Robinson, T.、Deluyker, H.(2012)。EFSA's food and feed safety crisis preparedness and response。EFSA Journal，10(5)，e1051。  new window
15.Rayner, G.、Hawkes, C.、Lang, T.、Bello, W.(2006)。Trade liberalization and the diet transition: A public health response。Health Promotion International，21(1)，67-74。  new window
16.Merrill, R. A.、Francer, J. K.(2000)。Organizing federal food safety regulation。Seton Hall Law Review，31(1)，61-173。  new window
17.McDade, J.、Franz, D.(1998)。Bioterrorism as a public health threat。Emerging Infectious Diseases，4(3)，493-494。  new window
18.Leibovitch, E. H.(2008)。Food safety regulation in the European Union: Toward an unavoidable centralization of regulatory powers。Texas International Law Journal，43(3)，429-450。  new window
19.Manning, L.、Baines, R. N.、Chadd, S. A.(2005)。Deliberate contamination of the food supply chain。British Food Journal，107(4)，225-245。  new window
20.Manning, L.、Baines, R. N.(2004)。Globalisation: A study of the poultrymeat supply chain。British Food Journal，106(10)，819-836。  new window
21.Leathers, R.(2014)。Protecting the food supply chain。Food & Drink Technology，14(1)，48。  new window
22.Leathers, R.(2014)。Validation in relation to threat assessment critical control points (TACCP。International Food Hygiene，25(1)，13-14。  new window
23.Kafetzopoulos, D. P.、Psomas, E. L.、Kafetzopoulos, P. D.(2013)。Measuring the effectiveness of the HACCP food safety management system。Food Control，33(2)，505-513。  new window
24.Hoffman, J.、Kennedy, S.(2007)。International cooperation to defend the food supply chain: Nations are talking; next stepaction。Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law，40，1172-1186。  new window
25.Griffitch, G.(2000)。Competition in the food marketing chain。Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics，44(3)，333-367。  new window
26.Fresco, L.、Baudoin, W.(2002)。Food and nutrition security towards human security。  new window
27.Fidler, D.(2009)。The swine flu outbreak and international law。ASIL Insights，13(5)。  new window
28.洪德欽(20081200)。消費者權利在歐盟基改食品標示之規定與實踐。歐美研究，38(4)，509-578。new window  延伸查詢new window
29.李河清、譚偉恩(20120300)。衛生安全與國際食品貿易：以「人類安全」檢視世貿組織相關立法缺失。問題與研究，51(1)，69-110。new window  延伸查詢new window
30.程明修(20090400)。行政法上之預防原則(Vorsorgeprinzip)--食品安全風險管理手段之擴張。月旦法學，167，127-136。new window  延伸查詢new window
研究報告
1.Williams, R.(2015)。Regulations implementing the food safety modernization Act。  new window
2.Monke, J.(2004)。Agroterrorism: Threats and preparedness。  new window
3.Martinez, S.、Hand, M.、Da Pra, M.、Pollack, S.、Ralston, K.、Smith, T.(2010)。Local food systems: Concepts, impacts, and issues。  new window
圖書
1.Nestle, Marion(2010)。Safe Food: The Politics of Food Safety。Berkeley, CA：University of California Press。  new window
2.黃榮堅(2003)。刑法問題與利益思考。元照出版公司。new window  延伸查詢new window
3.World Health Organization(2008)。Terrorist threats to food: Guidance for establishing and strengthening prevention and response systems。Geneva, Switzerland：WHO。  new window
4.World Health Organization(2002)。Terrorist threats to food: Guidance for establishing and strengthering prevention and response systems。Geneva, Switzerland：WHO。  new window
5.Wilson, Bee(2008)。Swindled: The dark history of food fraud, from poisoned candy to counterfeit coffee。Princeton, NJ：Princeton University Press。  new window
6.National Research Council(1998)。Ensuring safe food: From production to consumption。Washington, DC：National Academy Press。  new window
7.Paarlberg, Robert L.(2010)。Food politics: What everyone needs to know。Oxford University Press。  new window
8.林東茂(19960000)。危險犯與經濟刑法。臺北：五南圖書出版有限公司。new window  延伸查詢new window
其他
1.European Commission(2015)。RASFF--Food and Feed Safety Alerts，http://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/rasff/index_en.htm。  new window
2.British Standards Institution(2008)。Prerequisite programmes on food safety for food manufacturing (PAS 220: 2008)，http://www.intercalidad.com.ec/pas%20220%202008.pdf。  new window
3.British Standards Iinstituion(2014)。Guide to protecting and defending food and drink from deliberate attack，http://www.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/pas96-2014-food-drink-protection-guide.pdf。  new window
4.Butler, S.(20140110)。Horsemeat scandal re-sults in slide in sales of red meat in Britain，http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jan/10/horsemeat-scandal-sales-red-britain。  new window
5.Chapman, J.(2005)。Countering bioterrorism: How can Europe and the United States work together?，https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/13505/BioterrorismReport_050425.pdf。  new window
6.Dalziel, G. R.(2009)。Food defence incidents, 1950-2008: A chronol-ogy and analysis of incidents involving the malicious contamina-tion of the food supply chain，http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/rsis/cens/publications/reports/RSIS_Food%20 Defence_170209.pdf。  new window
7.de Haen, H.(2001)。The impact of globalization and trade liberalization on food security，http://www.fao.org/News/2001/stockholm/dehaenfull.htm。  new window
8.European Commission(2009)。Background on the health security committee and the early warning and response system authorities，http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-09- 363_en.htm?locale=en。  new window
9.European Commission(2007)。The commission health emergency op-erations facility: For a coordinated management of public health emergency at EU level，http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_threats/com/preparedness/docs/HEOF_en.pdf。  new window
10.Department of Homeland Security(2007)。The department of home-land security's role in food defense and critical infrastructure protection，https://www.oig.dhs.gov/assets/Mgmt/OIG_07-33_Feb07.pdf。  new window
11.World Health Assembly(2002)。Diet, physical activity and health，http://apps.who.int/gb/archive/pdf_files/WHA55/ewha5523.pdf。  new window
12.Stolberg, S. G.，Miller, J.(20020909)。Many worry that nation is still highly vulnerable to germ attack，http://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/09/us/threats-responses-bioterrorism-many-worry-that-nation-still-highly-vulnerable.html?pagewanted=all。  new window
13.Spink, J.(2014)。GFSI direction on food fraud and vulnerability assessment (VACCP)，http://foodfraud.msu.edu/2014/05/08/gfsi-direction-on-food-fraud-and-vulnerability-assessment-vaccp/。  new window
14.Overbosch, P.(2013)。Food safety management: Hazard- or risk-based?，http://www.foodsafety magazine.com/magazine-archive1/februarymarch-2013/food-safety-management-hazard-or-risk-based/。  new window
15.Pollan, M.(20090910)。Big food vs. big insurance，http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/10/opinion/10pollan.html。  new window
16.(20131229)。Maruha Nichiro unit recalls 6.3 million packages of frozen food，http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/12/29/national/maruha-nichiro-unit-recalls-6-3-million-packages-of-frozen-food/#.WD6lgGp96Uk。  new window
17.Keyes, S.(20140610)。A strange but true tale of voter fraud and bioterrorism，http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/06/a-strange-but-true-tale-of-voter-fraud-and-bioterrorism/372445/。  new window
18.Government Accountability Office(2007)。High-risk series: An update，http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d07310.pdf。  new window
19.Goetz, Gretchen(20101216)。Who inspects what? A food safety scramble，http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2010/12/who-inspects-what-a-food-safety-scramble/#.VjCm0lUrKM8， 。  new window
20.Food and Drug Administration(2012)。FDA's China offices focus on product safety，http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm284461.htm。  new window
21.Fabi, R.(2003)。FDA warns of "food terrorism"，http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2003/10/11/fda_warns_of_food_terrorism/。  new window
22.European Commission(2016)。Health security committee activities，http://ec.europa.eu/health/preparedness_response/risk_management/hsc/index_en.htm。  new window
23.European Commission--Directorate-General Justice, Freedom and Security(2010)。Secufood: Security of European food supply chain，http://secufood.unicampus.it/index.aspx。  new window
24.European Commission(2014)。Horsemeat: One year after: Actions announced and delivered，http://ec.europa.eu/food/sited/food/files/safety/docs/official-controls_food-fraud_five-point-action-plan_en.pdf。  new window
圖書論文
1.Alvarez, M. J.、Alvarez, A.、Maggio, M. C. D.、Oses, A.、Trombetta, M.、Setola, R.(2010)。Protecting the food supply chain from ter-rorist attack。Critical infra-structure protection。Washington, DC：Springer。  new window
2.Busch, L.(2011)。Quasi-states? The unexpected rise of private food law。Private food law--Governing food chains through contract law, self-regulation, private stand-ards, audits and certification schemes。Wageningen, the Netherlands：Wageningen Academic Publishers。  new window
3.Bushell, T. M. C.(2009)。Intentional and unintentional contamination of the food supply。Food and nutrition at risk in America--Food insecurity, biotechnology, food safety, and bioterrorism。Boston：Jones & Bartlett。  new window
4.Hunter, P.、Fewtrell, L.(2001)。Acceptable risk。Water quality: Guidelines, standards and health。London：IWA。  new window
5.洪德欽(2011)。歐盟食品安全局風險評估體系之研究。歐盟與美國生物科技政策。中央研究院歐美研究所。  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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