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題名:清真產品規範與WTO技術性貿易障礙協定之合致性--以印尼清真產品保證法為例
書刊名:輔仁法學
作者:張南薰 引用關係
作者(外文):Chang, Nan Hsun
出版日期:2019
卷期:57
頁次:頁101-161
主題關鍵詞:清真產品清真認證清真標示技術性貿易障礙印尼清真產品保證法Halal productHalal certificationHalal labelingTBT AgreementHalal Product Assurance Law
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隨著伊斯蘭消費者意識之抬頭,清真認證及標示制度儼然已成為市場上的新寵。然而,各國對於清真產品之規範及制度不一,不但增加了清真產品之成本,亦有可能對清真產品之市場進入造成妨礙,在國際貿易法領域中,即產生了如何在保障宗教自由、保護消費者知的權利及消除貿易障礙二者間取得平衡之問題。雖然Codex已就包裝產品如何使用「清真(halal)」一詞制定了指導原則,但是由於清真標準,係從宗教儀式及教規衍生而來,並非依據科學證據所建立之標準,執行上存有較大的解釋空間,在同時欠缺透明性的情況下,極易造成法規之不確定性。由於印尼於2014年甫通過了清真產品保證法,此一法規即將於2019年底生效,不但適用範圍廣泛,包括了食品、藥品、化粧品、生物製品及基因轉殖產品等,亦包含了相關服務。其所新增之清真認證及標示義務,甚至包括非清真資訊之提供等更是其他國家所未見之高強度規範,受影響之產業及產品眾多。本文認為,從此一法規做為出發點,得以更具體地瞭解清真認證制度對國際貿易之影響及可能產生之爭議,因此本文分別就印尼清真產品保證法之重要規定、國際標準之相關原則等先予敘明,再依據WTO之相關個案對TBT協定條文之適用及解釋,討論系爭法規所可能產生之爭議。
With the rise of Islamic consumer's awareness, the halal certification and labeling system has become a new concerned issue in the Islamic market. However, the different standards and systems for halal products not only increase the cost of halal products, but also hinder the market access of halal products. In the field of international trade law, there is always a controversial issue of how to strike the balance between guaranteeing religious freedom, protecting consumers' rights and eliminating trade barriers. Although Codex has established a criterion for the usage of the term "halal" in packaged products, most of the domestic rules and practices of halal products derived from religious ceremonies and canons makes the implementation of the rules still be interpreted depending on the sects heavily. In the absence of transparency at the same time, it is easy to cause regulatory uncertainty. Amid the Islamic-dominant countries, Indonesia is the first country that passed the mandatory halal product law, which covers the compulsory obligations of halal labeling and certification, and even includes the "non-halal" labeling. It is now possible to understand more specifically the impact of the halal certification system on international trade and the possible disputes from this regulation. Striking the balance between the WTO member's right to regulate with the purpose of protecting consumers' right of information derivatizing from the religious belief and the possibility to contravene its international trade obligation in the context of WTO Law, especially in the TBT Agreement, is an extremely imperative and harsh work. This paper seeks to examine the WTO consistency of the new Indonesian Halal Act, and to find out whether the public moral or consumer protection objectives underlying the mandatory halal certification and labelling can be justified in the context of the TBT Agreement.
期刊論文
1.Howse, Robert、Levy, Philip I.(2013)。The TBT Panels: US-Cloves, US-Tuna, US-COOL。WORLD TRADE REV.,12(2)。  new window
2.Liu, Pan(2014)。WTO Dispute: United States-Certain Country of Origin Labelling (COOL) Requirements (Complaint by Canada)。Asper Review of International Business and Trade Law,14。  new window
3.Mavroidis, Petros C.、Saggi, Kamal(2014)。What Is Not So Cool About US-COOL Regulation? A Critical Analysis of the Appellate Body's Ruling on US-COOL。WORLD TRADE REV.,13(2)。  new window
4.Houston-McMillan, Jason(2016)。The Legitimate Regulatory Distinction Test: Incomplete and Inadequate for the Particular Purposes of the TBT Agreement。World Trade Review,15(4),543-562。  new window
5.張南薰(20170600)。食品標示與WTO/TBT協定合致性之研析。交大法學評論,1,35-83。new window  延伸查詢new window
6.Hakim, Aal Lukmanul(2015)。Dissecting the Contents of Law of Indonesia on Halal Product Assurance。Indonesia Law Review,1。  new window
7.Durán, Gracia Marín(2016)。Measures with Multiple Competing Purposes after EC--Seal Products: Avoiding a Conflict between GATT Article XX-Chapeau and Article 2.1 TBT Agreement。Journal of International Economic Law,19(2),467-495。  new window
8.Dillon, Sara(1999)。Fuji-Kodak, the WTO, and the Death of Domestic Political Constituencies。Minn. J. Global Trade,8。  new window
9.Farhan, L. Y.、Andriansyah, Y.(2016)。Factors Affecting Muslim Students Awareness of Halal Products in Yogyakarta, Indonesia。Int. Rev. Manag. Mark,1。  new window
10.Hartmann, Stephanie(2015)。Comparing the National Treatment Obligations of the GATT and the TBT: Lessons Learned from the EC-Seal Products Dispute。North Carolina Journal of International and Commercial Regulation,40。  new window
11.Johan, Eva(2018)。New Challenges in ASEAN Regional Market: International Trade Framework on Halal Standard。Journal Dinamika Hukum,18(1)。  new window
12.Kang, Jong Woo、Ramizo, Dorothea M.(2017)。Impact of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and Technical Barriers on International Trade。Journal of World Trade,51(4),539-573。  new window
13.Limenta, Michelle、Edis, Bayan M.、Fernando, Oscar(2018)。Disabling Labelling in Indonesia: Invoking WTO Laws in the Wake of Halal Policy Objectives。World Trade Review,17(3)。  new window
14.Marceau, Gabrielle(2013)。The New Jurisprudence in US-Clove Cigarettes, US-Tuna II and US-COOL。Asian Journal of WTO and International Health Law and Policy,8。new window  new window
15.Othman, Baharudin、Shaarani, Sharifudin Md、Bahron, Arsiah(2016)。The Potential of ASEAN in halal certification implementation: A review。J. Soc. Set & Hum,24(1)。  new window
16.Taacob, Teh Zaharah、Jaafar, Harlina Suzana、Rahman, Fadilah Abd(2016)。An Overview of Halal Food Product Contamination Risks during Transportation。Sci. Int. (Lahore),28(3)。  new window
17.Talib, Mohamed Syazwan Ab、Johan, Mohd Remie Mohd(2012)。Issues in Halal Packaging: A Conceptual Paper。International Business and Management,5(2)。  new window
18.Tieman, Marco(2011)。The Application of Halal in Supply Chain Management: In-Depth Interviews。Journal of Islamic Marketing,187(2)。  new window
19.Verbeke, W.、Rutsaert, P.、Bonne, K.、Vermeir, I.(2013)。Credence Quality Coordination and Consumer's Willingness-to-Pay for certified Halal Labelled Meat。Meat Sci.,95(4)。  new window
20.Wijkström, Erik、McDaniels, Devin(2013)。Improving Regulatory Governance: International Standards and the WTO TBT Agreement。Journal of World Trade,47(5)。  new window
21.Zailani, Suhaiza、Iranmanesh, Mohammad、Aziz, Azmin Azliza、Kanapathy, Kanagi(2017)。Halal Logistics Opportunities and Challenges。Journal of Islamic Marketing,8(1)。  new window
會議論文
1.Zulfakar, Mohd Hafiz、Anuar, Marhani Mohamed、Talib, Mohamed Syazwan Ab(2012)。Conceptual Framework on Halal Food Supply Chain Integrity Enhancement。INTERNATIONAL HALAL CONFERENCE。  new window
圖書
1.Van den Bossche, Peter、Zdouc, Werner(2013)。The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization。New York:Cambridge University Press。  new window
2.MAVROIDIS, PETROS C.、Bermann, George A.、Wu, Mark(2010)。THE LAW OF THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO)--DOCUMENTS, CASES & ANALYSIS。  new window
3.林彩瑜(2013)。WTO制度與實務。臺北:元照。  延伸查詢new window
4.Mitchell, Andrew D.、Heaton, David、Henckels, Caroline(2016)。Non-Discrimination and the Role of Regulatory Purpose in International Trade and Investment Law。  new window
單篇論文
1.The Challenges of Trading Halal Food: The Logistics and the Law,http://www.gifr.net/gifr2013/ch_15.PDF。  new window
其他
1.工業策進會科技法律研究所(2017)。國際營運法制風隱觀測資訊,https://stli.iii.org.tw/Antitrust/201711.pdf。  延伸查詢new window
2.Despite Market Access Gains, U.S. Poultry Still Locked Out of Malaysia,https://insidetrade.com/daily-news/despite-market-access-gains-us-poultry-still-locked-out-malaysia。  new window
3.Halim, Mustafa Afifi Ab.,Salleh, Mohd Mahyeddin Mohd。The Possibility of Uniformity on Halal Standards in Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC) Country,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264850398_T he_Possibility_of_Uniformity_on_Halal_Standards_in_Organization_of_Islamic_Countries_OIC_Country。  new window
4.LPPOM MUI。MUI Halal Certification Requirement,http://www.halalmui.org/muil4/index.php/main/go to_section/58/1367/page/2。  new window
5.Maison, Dominika,Marchlewska, Marta,Syarifah, Dewi,Zein, Rizgy A.,Purba, Herion P.。Explicit Versus Implicit "Halal" Information: Influence of the Halal Label and the Country-of-Origin Information on Product Perceptions in Indonesia,https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00382/full。  new window
6.Organization of Islamic Cooperation。Forum on Unifying Halal Standards and Procedures Kicks Off at OIC General Secretariat,https://newshalal.com/article/237/halalevents/Unifying-Halal-Standards-Forum-opened-at-OIC-General-Secretariat。  new window
圖書論文
1.Churchman, Helen(2013)。Mutual Recognition Agreements and Equivalence Agreement。RESEARCH HANDBOOK ON THE WTO AND TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE。  new window
2.Voon, Tania、Mitchell, Andrew、Gascoigne, Catherine(2013)。Consumer Information, Consumer Preferences and Product Labels under the TBT Agreement。RESEARCH HANDBOOK ON THE WTO AND TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE。  new window
3.Wagner, Markus(2013)。International Standards。RESEARCH HANDBOOK ON THE WTO AND TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE。  new window
 
 
 
 
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