The study of Tōyōshi, or Oriental History, emerged as a new field of scholarship during the Meiji Restoration. While the roots of Tōyōshi can be found in Japanese studies of Chinese history, it was the scholar Shiratori Kurakichi who expanded the scope of this discipline to include North Asia, focusing on the Korean Peninsula, Manchuria, and Mongolia. He proposed the theory that Oriental History was characterized by a conflict between agrarian populations in the south and nomadic population in the north, a theory that was labelled "North-South Dualism." This article focuses on the work of Egami Namio, a third-generation Tōyōshi researcher who specialized in archaeology. His archaeological discoveries between 1931 and 1945 led him to publish his 1948 book, Asia: The Formation of Nations and Cultures. In it, he expanded the theory of North-South Dualism with the category of "horse-riding nomads." Investigating the formation of the Japanese people and nation, Egami Namio proposed that the rulers of the Yamato Dynasty originated from horse-riding nomads in Northeast Asia. This idea, known as the "Theory of Horse-Riding Nomads Who Conquered Japan," sparked heated debates on the origins of Japanese culture and people. Egami Namio continued to refine his theory, conducting archaeological research in Near Asia between 1951 and 1967, which deepened his understanding of the relationship between horse-riding nomads and agrarian people. His research contributed to the reconstruction of history through the lens of historical materialism. He also offered unique insights into East Asian history, Japanese history, and world history.