Internet addiction is a problematic behavior in modern life that can impair mental health. In contrast, the positive effects of exercise on mental health and neurocognitive functions can be utilized as an alternative or adjunctive treatment to reduce internet addictive behaviors, such as problematic internet use and problematic smartphone use. However, few studies have discussed in detail the synthesis of the effect of exercise on internet-addicted behaviors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to review the research on exercise and internet-addicted behaviors. Furthermore, in order to provide more explicit evidence, this study also reviewed the effect of exercise on internet-addicted behaviors from the perspective of different types of exercises and potential mechanisms. Specifically, most studies have revealed that regular exercise can improve problematic internet use, problematic smartphone use, withdrawal symptoms, and internet addiction-related negative mental states (e.g., depression, anxiety). Additionally, the benefits of exercise on internet addiction may be due to increased neurotransmitters involved in positive emotion, changes in brain structure and function involving the reward system and inhibitory control, as well as improvements in social psychological factors. The discussion focuses on the effect of different types of exercise on internet-addicted behaviors and underlying mechanisms and suggests areas for future research.