Drawing archival materials from the Kaohsiung Third Credit Cooperative and using its predecessors, the Kaohsiung-based Chungchou Credit Union (1917-1926) and Hsingyeh
Credit Union (1926-1945) as case study examples, this research analyzes how Taiwan’s
financial network operated between 1917 and 1945, during which credit unions took center
stage.
This paper first discussed the standing of the two case credit unions in the financial
sector, and then examined the financial indicators, including deposits, loans, interest rates,
and bank borrowings, before and after the outbreak of Sino-Japanese War in 1937. These
investigations shed light on the development of a cash flow network before and after the
legalization of credit unions in 1913 and the impact of such a network on the establishment
of the community financial network. The study also traced the changes in the
aforementioned financial indicators when the local society of Taiwan evolved gradually
into a wartime economic system following the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War, as well
as the causes to these changes. The analyses revealed the role of credit unions in the
wartime economic system and the qualitative changes in their financial functions during
this period.
Through the analysis, this study elucidated the multifaceted nature of credit unions
in the construction of Taiwan’s community financial network under Japanese colonial rule.
Initially designed as community financial entities to address the demand for small loans in
place of banks short on capital, credit unions evolved into lenders for small farmers and
business operators by absorbing floating capital in local society and taking corporate loans
from banks. During wartime, the credit unions’ function of absorbing floating capital was reinforced, and they were tasked with clearing the debts of the Japanese government and
implementing financial mobilization policies as they were included in the Total War support system along with Taiwan’s local society.