心理治療、行為矯正及心理諮商是輔導學派的三大主流，他們的異同及貢獻早被學者研討過，特別是心理治療與諮商，歸納起來不外二種趨勢：一種是相異說，因為各派既有自己的理論、方法及過程，當然相異，如果沒有差別，應製造區別以示其不同。一種是統合派，其一是曹恩努力的精選 (eclectic) 說；其二是潘得遜倡導的關係 (relationship) 說。作者分析現有的資料，覺得二氏的努力各有千秋，不得偏廢，應以各派之共同因素為體，不同方法，技巧及過程為用，故于本文除討論各派之異同意見外，並于文末勾畫出一個共同基本模式以供參考。

Literature on controvercy of differentiation and commonality of various schools of counseling theories and techniques, though long having been discussed and studied abroad, and now investigation even integration no less than before still going on, little, however, of such study can be seen in Taiwan. This writing is to introduce multivarious opinions, investigations and findings in difference and commonality of various systems on one hand, and on the other, to stimulate more such efforts for formulating a model that may be more appropriate to our own social, economical and cultural condition. Third, an attempt is made to explore a common and basic model that may be useful for a better view and a clearer understanding of the complex issue of counseling, particularly for the biginners. Two tendencies: individualization and integration. The former believes that different schools have different theories and techniques, and thus differentiate themselves. Even if there were none, difference between them must be created. The latter holds that there is little difference in reality. Whatever variation is upheld in theory, technique, and counseling process appears unnecessary for effective counseling, and even confusing, obscuring and unpractical. The eclectist as Thorne favours the selection of all validated principles of various schools and integrate them into one system, while the commonalist like Patterson prefers the common element -good relationship that runs through all techniques and processes, and it is this element and this alone appears necessary and enough for effective counseling or psychotherapy, whatever charming name one may give. This author's attempt is to look for the common and basic elements that may be present in all schools and necessary for counseling, psychotherapy and behavioral modification, and upon these common, fundamental and necessary basis, various skills, techniques and processes may be selected for the benefit of the individual concerned as his particular condition demands. This common, basic and necessary elements are reactivity, flexibility and uniqueness of the organism with a perplexing problem, perceiving that a therapeutic relationship and dynamic process between a therapee and a therapist is necessary, and the two individual's mutually favorable perception, genuine trust and enthutheastic desire for desirable outcomes is needed for effective counseling, though may not be enough for all cases.