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題名:漢代之婦人災異論
書刊名:漢學研究
作者:劉詠聰
作者(外文):Lau, Clara Wing-Chung
出版日期:1991
卷期:9:2=18
頁次:頁79-103
主題關鍵詞:婦人災異漢代
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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This paper attempts to present a preliminary analysis of the ideas current during the Han period (206 B.C. - A.D. 220), whereby women were considered to be causes of natural disasters. According to traditional Chinese be1iefs, women, especially palace women, were dangerous and harmful if they possessed beauty or acquired power. Pretty women could draw the emperors' attention and concern away from state affairs, while women who acquired political power through various channels could exert undesirable inf1uence on the business of government. During the Han dynasty, views of women as negative and dangerous gained new supportive ground. This is due to Han intellectuals’ habit of interpreting natural portents and disasters as indicators of erroneous rule or undesirable behaviours. They acted as messengers of the Holy Heavens by making use of these signals to urge the emperors to improve their governing, otherwise, they said, disastrous events may continue to occur. Likewise, Han scholars also accused several palace women of causing disasters such as earthquakes, solar-eclipses, f1oods,etc. Instead of accepting their explanation, we may try to understand their basic standpoint. That is, according to their philosophy, allowing women to participate in po1itical affairs was undersirable and unhealthy, therefore they tried to impose negative comments on favorite concubines as well as emperess-dowagers who were acting as regents of chi1dren emperors. Doubtlessly, Han scholars also accused male governors and officials for causing disastrous events, but they fol1owed a system of explanation. Whereas several types of disasters and portents would mainly be considered as the fau1ts of yang (male), others would more likely be considered as the faults of yin (female). Nevertheless, if we bear in mind the limited number of women active in politics, we should be aware of the relatively high frequency of victimizing women as causes of disasters. This way of expressing political ideas may be better understood in a wider cultural context. Han empire was the longest united dynasty in ancient China, the power of emperors had been considerably strengthened, paving the way to despotism. Under these cricumstances, frustrated scholars explored other means to eva1uate the government, portents and disasters hence became useful weapons. In no way should we believe thir reasoning, but we may regard these ideas as parts of Han politica1 thought.
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