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題名:S uper-Optimizing Across Four Continents
書刊名:中國行政評論
作者:Nagel,Stuart S.
出版日期:1993
卷期:3:1
頁次:頁1-34
主題關鍵詞:超優分析妥協自由保守折衷Super-optiming anayisisCompriseConservativeLiberal
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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超優分析是處理公共政策問題的一種方法,包括著重多種政策目標、多種方案、同時滿足保守派、自由派、和其他立場的期望。但不是一種妥協的方法,而優於妥協的結果。 本文舉了非洲、亞洲、東歐、和南美洲為例。非洲舉糧食價格政策島倒。保守派希望採用高糧價政策以利於農村。自由派希望採用低糧價政策以利於都市。折衷方式則介於兩者之間。超優分析的方案,採用食物券。政府提供農人所要價格的101%,而賣給城市工人所願意給付價格的79%,中間的22%差距,由食物券補足。由政府送給城市工人,但以要工人提高生產力為交換條件。 亞洲的例子,舉了中國大陸的人口控制。保守派要「一胎化」,自由派則放任。折衷方式則允許一胎化外有個別例外。超優方案則為消除可能產生人口過剩的原因,例如建立社會安全制度,消除「養兒防老」,減少兒童死亡率,無須備胎,提高婦女地位, 無須一定生男,補助農村子女上大學,增加農家生產力。 東歐的例子,舉了解決公營或私營的問題。社會主義人士喜歡一切由國家擁有並由國家經營。資本主義人士喜做一切自私人擁有並由私人經營。折衷方案是部分採社會主義人士方案,部分資本主義人士方案。超優方案則採用「國家擁有,私人經營」,即公營事業外包民營。 南美洲的例子,舉了總統制和內閣制的爭論。保守派希望採用總統制,以求穩定。自由派希望採用內閣制,以求代表性。折衷方案採用縮短總統任期且不能連任的總統制,或高支持率的內閣制。超優方案則兼顧穩定性及代表性,著重經濟成長和技術引進,符合民眾需求,而非只是政府人士更替。 這四個例子充分說明產生超央方案的四種不同方式。
Super-optimizing analysis refers to methods for dealing with public policy problems by finding an alternative that can enable conservatives. liberals. and other major viewpoints to all come out ahead of their best initial expectation simultaneously. Arriving at such solutions involves processing a set of go to be achieved. Alternatives available for achieving them. and relations between goals and alternatives in order to determine various conservative. liberal. or other total scores for each alternative. This paper illustrates SOS analysis with an example from Africa. Asia. East Europe. and Latin America. The Africa example relates to food pricing. The conservative position endorses high prices that benefit rural interests. The liberal position endorses low prices at benefit urban interests. A compromise is likely to be adopted somewhere between those extremes. The S0S of a price supplement involves farmers receiving 101% of the price they are asking. Urban workers and others pay only 79% which is less than the approximately 80% that they are willing and able to pay. The difference of 22% is mace up by food stamps given to the urban workers in return for agreeing to be in programs that upgrade their skills and productivity. The food stamps are used to pay for staple products (like rice or wheat) along with cash. Farmers can then redeem the stamps for cash. provided that they also agree to be in programs that increase their productivity. By increasing the productivity of farmers and workers. secondary effects occur of improving farming methods, increasing exports, increasing the importing of new technologies, and increasing the GNP. The Asia example relates to the China population problem. The conservative position is a strict one-child policy to promote small families. The liberal position is flexibility on family size to promote reproductive freedom. The compromise is one child with exceptions allowed. The SOS alternative is to reduce the causes of excess children in rural areas. Those causes include (1) the need for having chi1dren to care for their elderly parent, which could be better handled through social security and/or jobs for the elderly; (2) the need for extra children wallow for child mortality, which could be better handled through better child health care; (3) the need for male children in view of their greater value, which could be better handled through providing more opportunitites for females: and (4) the lack of concern for the cost of sending children to college, which could be better handled through a more vigorous program of recruiting rural children to go to college. The East Europe example is the problem of public versus private ownership and operation. The socialistic alternative is government ownership and operation, with special concern for equity. The capitalistic alternative is private ownership and operation, with special concern for productivity. The compromise is socialistic and capitalistic enterprises in a mixed economy. The SOS alternative might be 100% ownership combined with 100% private operation through contracting out. The contracting out can have contract provisions specifying the need for an equitable spread of benefits and costs. workplace quality, environmental protection, and consumer protection. The contracting out does not have to be to only one private entrepreneur. The two most qualified lowest bidders can both receive contracts for different geographical areas, sectors of the industry, or other aspects of the contract in order to encourage competition. The SOS alternative of contracting out to private operation can even apply to public schools, post offices, and municipal transportation. In former socialistic countries, it can apply also to contracting out government-owned factories and land. The Latin America example is presidential versus parliamentary government. The conservative alternative advocates presidential government for stability and continuity. The liberal alternative advocates parliamentary government for responsiveness to public opinion. The neutral compromise may provide for presidential government with short terms and no provision for reelection, or parliamentary government with special majorities like a 60% vote to change governments between regular elections. The SOS alternative might seek to promote continuity and responsiveness simultaneously. The first part of the SOS alternative might be to provide a constitutional right to continuous economic growth, backed by appropriate governmental institutions like a Ministry of International Trade and Industry. This alternative is especially related to the goal of upward continuity, rather than stagnating stability. The second part of the SOS alternative is to provide a constitutional right to upgraded skills. Backed by appropriate governmental institutions, including a separate government agence to administer skillsupgrading programs. This slternative is especially related to the goal of responsiveness to the needs of adult voters to be more valuable in the economy, rather than the responsiveness that is associated with rapid turnover of government personnel. These four examples illustrate four different approaches to arriving at superoptimum solutions. The first involves a third party benefactor like the government which provides a wellplaced subsidy with strings attached to both of the conflicting sides. The second involves getting at the causes of the conflict between conservatives and liberals. The third approach involves combining both the conservative and liberal alternatives in recognition that they may not be as mutually exclusive as originally thought. The fourth approach involves raising or redefining the goals so that both conservatives and liberals should be pleased if the newly defined goals are achieved. These methods of public policy analysis might especially apply to developing nations where new institutional arrangements and policies are being experimented with to the possible mutual benefit of conflicting sides to policy controversies.
期刊論文
1.Nagel, Stuart S.(1989)。Super-optimum Solutions in Public Controversies。World Futures Quarterley,1989(Spring),53-70。  new window
圖書
1.Donahue, John(1989)。The Privatization Decision: Public Ends, Private Means。New York:Basic Books。  new window
2.Levine, Herbert M.(1982)。Political Issues Debated : An Introduction to Politics。Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall。  new window
3.Farazmand, Ali(1991)。Handbook of Comparative Development Public Administration。New York:Dekker Mancel。  new window
4.Lipson, Leslie(1989)。The Great Issues of Politics。Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice Hall。  new window
5.Nagel, Stuart S.(1990)。Decision-Aiding Software: Skills, Obstacles and Applications。London:Macmillan。  new window
6.Noyes, Richard(1991)。Now the Synthesis: Captialism, Socialism and the New Social Contract。New York:Holmes and Meier。  new window
7.Pasour, E. C.(1990)。Agriculture and the State: Market Processes and Bureaucracy。New York:Holmes and Meier。  new window
8.Browne, William P.、Hadwiger, Don F.(1986)。World Food Policies: Toward Agricultural Interdependence。Lynne Rienner Publisher。  new window
9.Banister, Judith(1987)。China's Changing Population。Stanford University Press。  new window
 
 
 
 
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