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題名：兒童的類比推理思考與發展
書刊名：教育與心理研究
作者：黃幸美 引用關係
出版日期：1994
卷期：17
頁次：頁477-506
主題關鍵詞：兒童；思考；類比推理
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
相關次數：
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(4) 博士論文(1) 專書(1) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:3
  • 共同引用共同引用:19
  • 點閱點閱:41
　　　　　本文以文獻分析的方法，探討兒童的類比推理思考，及其隨年齡增長，推理思考 上改變的趨向。 一般評量兒童類比推理能力的方法， 約有兩種型式，1. 類似智力測驗的傳統類比推理題式 （ a:b::c:d ）；2. 以問題解決為取向，從來源問題來解決標的問題。 不同的評量方式， 闡論的觀點也各異。分析兒童類比推理思考發展的理論，約有下列四種理論：1. J. Piaget 的認知發展階段論； 2. R. J. Sternberg 的成分分析理論； 問題解決取向者為： 3. D. Gentner 的結構對應理論；4. K. J. Holyoak 的基模歸納理論。 綜合本文之探討，兒童的類比推理思考與發展趨向為： 1. 年齡對類比推理思考能力，是個重要的影響因素。 發展的趨向為由不成熟的知覺導向思 考，逐漸進步到目標導向的類比推理。 2. 形式運思期以前的兒童， 只要類比推理的問題設計是在他們熟悉的知識領域及能理解的 關係時，則他們亦能表現類比推理能力。 3. 提供解決類比推理問題相關的知識、經驗、暗示、線索及教學活動， 有助類比推理解題 成功，尤其對年幼的兒童益為重要。 針對研究發現，提出促進兒童類比推理思考的教學建議。
　　　　　Based on a literature review, discussions focused on children's analogical reasoning performance and developments. There are two ways to measure children's analogical reasoning: using the classical item analogy task (e.g. a:b::c:d), such as found on IQ tests; or the problem solving orientation, after children learning analogous problems and their solutions (source problem), then asking them to solve target problems. Based on the two kinds of measures, there are four theories of analogical development. They are as follows: 1) A structural theories by J. Piaget; 2) Componential theories by R. J. Sternberg; Problem solving orientation, includes; 3) D. Gentner's structure-mapping theory and 4) K. J. Holyoak's schema induction theory. This paper shows that 1) Age is very importment to analogical reasoning. The development of analogical reasoning ability is from immature perceptional reasoning to mature goal directional reasoning; 2) Children's age before formal stage (under age 11). If they are familiar and understand the related knowledge and relations hips of the presented analogy problems, they can perform analogy reasoning well. 3) Providing problem solving related domain knowledge, hints, reminding cues and instruction may promote analogy reasoning, especially for younger children. Suggestions on instructions are made for promoting children's analogical reasoning.
期刊論文
1.Alexander, P. A.、White, C. S.、Haensly, P. A.、Crimmins-Jeanes, M.(1987)。Training in reasoning。American Educational Research Journal，24(3)，387-404。  new window
2.Alexander, P. A.、Willson, V. L.、White, C. S.、Fuqua, J. D.(1987)。Analogical reasoning in young children。Journal of Educational Psychology，79(4)，401-408。  new window
3.Alexander, P. A.、Willson, V. L.、White, C. S.、Fuqua, J. D.、Clark, G. D.、Wilson, A. F.、Kulikowich, J. M.(1989)。Development of analogical reasoning in 4-and-5-year-old children。Cognitive Development，4，65-88。  new window
4.Brown, A. L.、Kane, M. J.(1988)。Preschool children can learn to transfer: Learning to learn and learning from example。Cognitive Psychology，20，493-523。  new window
5.Brown, A. L.、Kane, M. J.、Echols, C. H.(1986)。Young children's mental models determine analogical transfer across problems with a common goal structure。Cognitive Development，1，103-121。  new window
6.Crisafi, M. A.、Brown, A. L.(1986)。Analogical transfer in very young children: Combining two separately learned solutions to research a goal。Child Development，57，953-968。  new window
7.Duit, R.(1986)。On the role of analogies and metaphors in learning science。Science Education，75，649-672。  new window
8.Gentner, D.、Toupin, C.(1986)。Systematicity and surface similarities in the development of analogy。Cognitive Science，10，277-300。  new window
9.Gick, M. L.、Holyoak, K. J.(1983)。Schema induction and analogical transfer。Cognitive Psychology，15，1-38。  new window
10.Goldman, S. K.、Pellegrino, J. W.、Parsephian, P.、Sailis, R.(1982)。Developmental and individual differences in verbal Analogical reasoning。Child Development，53，530-559。  new window
11.Goswami, U.(1991)。Analogical reasoning: What develop? A review of research and theory。Child Development，62，1-22。  new window
12.Goswami, U.、Brown, A. L.(1990)。Melting chocolate and melting snowman: Analogical reasoning and causal relations。Cognition，35，69-95。  new window
13.Holyoak, K. L.、Koh, K.(1987)。Surface and structural similarity in analogical transfer。Memory & Cognition，15(4)，332-340。  new window
14.Holyoak, K. L.、Junn, E. N.、Billman, D. O.(1984)。Development of analogical problem solving。Child Development，55，2042-2055。  new window
15.Inagaki, K.、Hatano, G.(1987)。Young children's spontaneous personification as analogy。Child Development，58，1013-1020。  new window
16.Levinson, P. L.、Carpenter, R. L.(1974)。An analysis of analogical reasoning in children。Child Development，45，857-861。  new window
17.Novick, L. K.(1988)。Analogical transfer, problem similarity and expertise。Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition，24(3)，510-520。  new window
18.Novick, L. K.、Holyoak, K. J.(1991)。Mathematical problem solving by analogy。Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition，17(3)，398-415。  new window
19.Perkins, D. N.、Salmon, G.(1989)。Are cognitive skills context-bound?。Educational Research，18(1)，16-25。  new window
20.Ross, B. H.(1987)。This is like that: The use of earlier problems and the separation of similarity effects。Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition，13(4)，629-639。  new window
21.Ross, B. H.、Kennedy, P. T.(1990)。Generalizing from the use of earlier examples in problem solving。Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition，16(1)，42-55。  new window
22.Sheark, C.、Readence, J. E.(1988)。An investigation of the inference and mapping processes of the componential theory of analogical reasoning。Journal of Educational Research，81(6)，347-353。  new window
23.Sternberg, R. J.(1977)。Component processes in analogical reasoning。Psychological Review，84(4)，353-378。  new window
24.Sternberg, R. J.、Rifkin, B.(1979)。The development of analogical reasoning processes。Journal of Experimental child Psychology，27(2)，195-232。  new window
25.Vosniadou, S.(1988)。Analogical reasoning as mechanism in knowledge acquisition: A developmental perspective。Technical Report，438。  new window
26.Vosniadou, S.、Schommer, M.(1989)。Explanatory analogies can help children acquire information from expository text。Journal of Educational Psychology，80(4)，524-536。  new window
27.Brown, A. L.、Kane, M. J.、Long, C.(1989)。Analogical transfer in young children: Analogies as tools for communication and exposition。Applied Cognitive Psychology，3(4)，275-293。  new window
28.邱美虹(19931100)。類比與科學概念的學習。教育研究資訊，1(6)，79-90。new window  延伸查詢new window
29.Sternberg, Robert J.、Ketron, Jerry L.(1982)。Selection and implementation of strategies in reasoning by analogy。Journal of Educational Psychology，74(3)，399-413。  new window
30.Treagnst, D. F.、Duit, R.、Joslin, P.、Lindauer, I.(1992)。Science teachers, use of analogies: Observations from classroom practice。International Journal of Science Education，14(4)，413-422。  new window
學位論文
1.張麗芬(1993)。幼兒類比推理能力之研究(博士論文)。國立政治大學。new window  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Benjafield, J. G.(1992)。Cognition。NJ：Prentice-Hall。  new window
2.Keane, M. T.(1988)。Analogical problem solving。Chichester：Ellis Horwood Limited。  new window
3.Miller, P. H.(1989)。Theories of developmental psychology。Freeman and Company。  new window
4.Raven, J. C.(1938)。Progressive matrices: A perceptual test of intelligence。London：Lewis。  new window
5.Siegler, R. S.(1991)。Children's thinking。NJ：Prentice-Hall。  new window
6.Spearman, C.(1923)。The nature of "intelligence" and the principles of cognition。London：Macmillan。  new window
7.張春興(1991)。現代心理學。東華書局。  延伸查詢new window
8.Guilford, J. P.(1967)。The nature of human intelligence。McGraw-Hill。  new window
9.鄭昭明(1993)。認知心理學。台北：桂冠。  延伸查詢new window
圖書論文
1.Brown, A. L.(1989)。Analogical learning and transfer: What develops?。Similarity and analogical reasoning。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
2.Gentner, D.(1989)。The mechanisms of analogical reasoning。Similarity and analogical reasoning。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
3.Gick, M. L.、Holyoak, K. L.(1987)。The cognitive basis of knowledge transfer。Transfer of learning: Contemporary research and application。San Diego, CA：Academic Press。  new window
4.Green, D. W.(1988)。Problem-solving: Representation and discovery。Growth points in cognition。NY：Routledge, Chapman & Hall, Inc。  new window
5.Piaget, J.、Montangero, J.、Billeter, J.(1977)。Less correlate。L'abstraction reflechissante。Paris：Presses Universitaires de France。  new window
6.Rumelhart, D. E.、Ortony, A.(1977)。The representation of knowledge in memory。Schooling and the acquisition of knowledge。Hillsdale, NJ：Lawrence Erlbaum Associates。  new window
7.Rumelhart, D. E.、Norman, D. A.(1978)。Accretion, Tuning and Restructuring: Three Modes of Learning。Semantic Factors in Cognition。Lawrence Erlbaum Associates。  new window
 
 
 
 
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