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題名:處罰與嚇阻成效之探討
書刊名:警專學報
作者:廖福村
出版日期:1995
卷期:1:8
頁次:頁269-278
主題關鍵詞:處罰嚇阻
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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     本文就美國犯罪學新古典學派中嚇阻理論(Deterrence Theory)之各項研究結論,予以檢視分析處罰與嚇阻之成效。並就歸納之問題,尋求對於犯罪控制與預防之有效途徑。 嚇阻理論研究處罰之加重性、確定性、與迅速性,以及違法者因瞭解處罰而畏懼不敢試法。資料顯示,處罰之迅速性雖然有些效應,但須避免錯誤。加重處罰難以遏阻某些犯罪。重罰固然有其效用,但處罰加重至一飽和點,如再加重,其效果下降。如與確定性相擬,則確定性可能較諸加重性稍具成效。如果增加判決入獄,同時減少受刑人部份刑期,處罰之嚇阻價值或能增加。研究因認知而畏懼處罰之結論不一。畏懼可能對於某些人有嚇阻之效,但對於濫用毒品、不識法律、以及部份經歷處罰者,恐難遏阻。 各種研究結論分歧的原因,來自研究技術難以突破,加上社會層面本質以及人性問題,導致同一主題,因不同研究方法,產生不同結論。 本文結論指出,處罰與嚇阻其備某些效應。但因研究之高困難性,現階段仍難確定其翔實效用。進一步之長程研究容有必要。考諸1980年代以來,理論整合風氣已開,嚇阻理論除須參酌相關學科,研參可能的變項因素外,亦須結合行政策略以及刑事司法系統外之非正式控制因素,期求突破,裨益犯罪之控制與預防。
期刊論文
1.Andenaes, Johannes(1975)。General Precention Revisited: Research and Policy Implication。Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology,66,338-365。  new window
2.Anderson, Linda、Chiricos, Theodore、Waldo, Gordon(1977)。Formal and Informal Sanction: A Comparison of Deterrent Effect。Social Problems,25,103-114。  new window
3.Berger, Dale、Smortum, John(1986)。A Structural Model of Drinking and Driving: alcohol Comsumption, Social Norms, and Commitments。Criminology,24,139-153。  new window
4.Bishop, Domma(1984)。Deterrence: A Panel Analysis。Justice Quarterly,1,311-328。  new window
5.Bower, William J.、Pierce, Glenn L.(1980)。Deterrrence or Brutalization: What Is the Effect of Executions?。Crime and Delinguency,26,453-484。  new window
6.Bridges, George、Stone, James(1986)。Effects of Criminal Punishment on Perceived threat of Punishment: Towara an Understanding of Specific Deferrence。Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency,23,207-239。  new window
7.Chiricos, Theodore、Waldo, Gordon(1970)。Punishment and Crime: An Examination of Some Empirical Evidence。Social Problems,18,200-217。  new window
8.Clark, Alexander、Gibbs, Jack P.(1965)。Social Control: A Reformulation。Social Problems,12,398-415。  new window
9.Ehrlich, Isaac(1975)。The Deterrent Effect of Capita Punishment: A Question of Life and Death。American Economic Review,65,379-417。  new window
10.Erickson, Maynard、Gibbs, Jack(1978)。Objective and Perceptual Properties of Legal Punishment and Oeterrence Doctrine。Social Problems,25,253-264。  new window
11.Geerken, Michael、Gove, Walter(1977)。Deterrence, Overload and Incapacitation: An Empirical Evaluation。Social Forces,56,424-447。  new window
12.Minor, W. Wiliam、Harry, Joseph(1982)。Delinquent and Experiential Effect in Perceptual Deterrent Research: A Replication and Extension。Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency,19,190-203。  new window
13.Paternoster, Raymond(1987)。The Deterrent Effevt of Perceived Certainty and Severity of Punishment: A Review of the Evidence and Issues。Justice Quarterly,4,173-218。  new window
14.Tittle, C. R.(1969)。Crime rates and legal sanctions。Social Problem,16,409-423。  new window
15.Gibbs, Jack(1968)。Crime, Punishment, and Deterrence。Social Science Quarterly,48(4),515-530。  new window
圖書
1.Conklin, John E.(1981)。Criminology。New York:Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.。  new window
2.Sutherland, E. H.(1924)。Criminology。Philadelphia:J. B. Lippincott。  new window
3.Walker, Samuel(1985)。Sense and Nonsense about Crime: A Policy Guide。Calif.:Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.。  new window
4.Tittle, Charles R.(1980)。Sanctions and Social Deviance: The Question of Deterrence。New York:Praeger。  new window
5.Gibbs, J. P.(1975)。Crime, punishment, and deterrence。New York:Elsevier。  new window
6.Friedman, Lawrence M.(1975)。The Legal System。New York:Russell Sage Foundation。  new window
7.Siegel, Larry J.(1989)。Criminology。St. Paul, MN:West publishing Co。  new window
8.Ross, H. Laurence(1982)。Deterring the Drinking Driver: Legal Policy and Social Control。Lexington, MA:DC Heath Lexington Books。  new window
9.Hagan, John(1985)。Modern Criminology: Crime, Criminal Behavior, and Its Control。NY:McGraw-Hill。  new window
10.Barlow, Hugh D.(1984)。Introduction to Criminology。Little, Brown and Company。  new window
11.Gibbons, Don C.(1979)。The Criminological Enterprise: Theories and Perspectives。NJ:Prentice-Hall, Inc.。  new window
圖書論文
1.Cook, Philip J.(1980)。Research in Criminal Deterrence Laying the Groundwork for the Second Decade。Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research。Chicago:London:University of Chicago Press。  new window
2.Wilson, James Q.(1995)。Crime and Public Policy。Crime。San Francisco, CA:ICS Press。  new window
3.Vago, Steven(1981)。Law and Social Control。Law and Society。New Jersey:PrenticeHall Inc.。  new window
 
 
 
 
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