This article proposes a reflection about the historical and cultural facts that lead to the so-called Indian Peoples of contemporary Latin American countries to live in a situation of social disadvantages, but also about the roots of the phenomena of the economical globalization and about the role those Peoples have had in the World Economy. One of the most important questions for Aboriginal Peoples of the area is to know if, in the frame of the political model of the State-Nation that is followed for practically all the Latin American nations, they have political conditions to built up a style of life that can match with the way of life of the social groups with whom they live in the countries of the region. Cultural and social differences continue to be severe obstacles for Indian Peoples to develop a more important activity in the economical, social, political and cultural panorama of the countries where they have a strong presence.