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題名:中國佛教的譯場組織與沙門的外學修養--大乘佛教奠基於東亞的兩大要素
書刊名:中華佛學學報
作者:曹仕邦
作者(外文):Tso, Sze-bong
出版日期:1999
卷期:12
頁次:頁113-129
主題關鍵詞:譯場外學外學支持譯業原始佛教教義的乖離與扭曲佛教中國化的建立Translation centreSecular learningsThe secular learnings supported the translation workThe original Buddhist doctrines being strayed and distortedThe establishment of Sinolized Buddhism
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(2) 博士論文(4) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
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  • 共同引用共同引用:52
  • 點閱點閱:49
     大乘佛教所以能奠基於東亞,筆者認為有兩大要素極具貢獻。首先是中國佛教僧 俗組織了譯場,採用精細的分工合作方式將梵文或西域語文寫成的佛經翻作漢文,故佛教義 理能普遍為華人所持受。譯場的運作,自漢末至北宋初,前後持續近九百年。當大乘佛教通 過中國而傳入其他文化上屬於東亞國家的日本、朝鮮和越南而後,緣於這些國度在古代都無 譯經事業,而她們在近代個別建立自己的文字之前,都曾經長期使用漢字作書面語,因此這 些國度的僧俗亦研誦漢譯佛經。其次是古代中國沙門普遍有高深的外學修養,這些佛教以外 的學問固然使沙門易於接近飽沾儒學的士大夫,從而引導中國上層社會接受佛法。同時,這 些學問對譯經亦有大助,例如沙門的中國文字學修養,有助於翻譯時選用最適當的漢字來轉 譯梵字; 而他們的經學修養,亦幫助了翻譯時將譯句處理得像五經文句那麼古雅。然而漢文 跟梵文結構不同,無法做到逐字翻譯,加上華人好欣賞典雅的文句,因此翻譯之時,不免將 原本的冗長梵句簡化,而非作忠於原文的直譯,因此原文的意義多少被扭曲。加上注釋佛經 或撰寫佛學論文的沙門既先受過外學教育,因此他們下筆之時不免揉雜了儒家或道家思想。 緣於這些作品既混有佛教以外的義理,也就是將不純粹的佛理向讀者推廣。久之,華夏佛法 自然越來越乖離印度原本的佛法,漸漸發展出「中國化」的佛教。佛教中國化之後,也影響 了日、韓、越的僧俗,是以大乘佛教在東亞可謂「中國化的大乘佛教」。不過話說回來,大 乘佛教中國化之後,在教義方面往往推展出一些印度佛教原本所無的新理論。
     After Mahayana Buddhism was penetrated into East Asia, the author believes that there are two major factors that relate to the long-lasting popularity of this religion in the above-mentioned area. The first factor is: after she penetrated into China, the Chinese Buddhists cleries and laymen onganized translation centres in different periods and places in order to render the Buddhist secred scriptures that written in Sanskrit or Central Asian languages into Chinese. As the translation in the above-mentioned centres was engaging in team-work under the supervision of a Chief-Translator, not only was the work finely divided, but the standred of efficiency was also very high. The existance of these centres had long been lasting, from 2 Century to 10 �� Century A. D, for nearly nine hundred years. During the long period mentioned above, the people in the neighbouring East Asian nations, Japan, Korea and Vietnam, were adopted Chinese characters as their written language, therefore, the Buddhists of these nations were also learning or studying the Chinese translated secred scriptures when Mahayana Buddhism was spread into these lands through China. The second major factor, however, is the acheievement of the Chinese Sramanas' secular learnings. During the same period mentioned above, in case one who received no Confucian education before devoted into monkhood or to lead a nun's career, he or she should have to learn Confucian classics and other Chines thoughts that taught by their own cleric master after ordained. Therefore, each Chinese Sramana was a cleric of letters. The Monstic Order did so as a way of helping the clerics to make mingle with the learned Chinese gentries in order to introduce Baddhism to them. Influenced by the Chinese Clerics, the Other East Asian Sramanas were also invoiced themselves in secular learnings. The knowledge of secular learnings is a good assistant to the translation works. For instance, the knowledge of Chinese etymology is very useful for chosing a most suitable Chinese character to render a contain Sanskrit term, while the lore of Chinese classics, however, is helpful for arranging the structure of the translated sentences so close to that of the Chinese classics in order to meet the reading taste of the Chinese gentries. As a way of courting the gentries to gain ascess to the Chinese translated versions. As all the East Asian clerics' minds fulled with secular learnings, in case a cleric who engaged in annotating a contain Buddhist scriptune or composing a Buddhist essay in order to promulgate Buddhism to the public, automatically his secular lores infiltrated into his work. Therefore, the original Buddhist thoughts would have been more or less strayed or even distorted. Eeventhrough the original thought has already been strayed, but on the other hand, some new Buddhist theories therefore arose and these East Asian developed theories sometimes even outwit the original Indian doctrines. Gradually the socalled "Sinolized Buddhism" then established. Since Mahayana Buddhism being Sinolization, she becomes more and more popular in the East Asian nations till now.
期刊論文
1.論譯場。  延伸查詢new window
2.曹仕邦。關於譯場。  延伸查詢new window
3.曹仕邦(1973)。李、陳、魏三朝的越南佛教與政治。新亞學報,10(1)下。new window  延伸查詢new window
4.曹仕邦(19600800)。論兩漢迄南北朝河西之開發與儒學釋教之進展。新亞學報,5(1),49-177+左2。new window  延伸查詢new window
5.曹仕邦(1970)。華人對拼音文字初步認識的兩項記載。中國學人,2。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.海東高僧傳。  延伸查詢new window
2.高楠博士功績紀念會。南傳大藏經。大正新脩大藏經刊行會出版。  延伸查詢new window
3.師練法師。元亨釋書。  延伸查詢new window
4.(1951)。周叔弢先生六十生日紀念論文集。香港:龍門書店印行。  延伸查詢new window
5.任繼愈(1963)。漢唐中國佛教思想論集。北京:三聯書店。  延伸查詢new window
6.曹仕邦。中國佛教譯經史研究餘瀋之四。中國佛教譯經史論集。  延伸查詢new window
7.任繼愈(1963)。關於《物不遷論》。漢--唐中國佛教思想論集。北京:三聯書店出版。  延伸查詢new window
8.任繼愈(1963)。關於《不真空論》。漢--唐中國佛教思想論集。北京:三聯書店出版。  延伸查詢new window
9.陳援菴(1959)。明季滇黔佛教考。北京:科學出版社。  延伸查詢new window
10.(1929)。國譯一切經。東京:株式會社大東出版社。  延伸查詢new window
11.藍吉富(19860200)。大藏經補編。臺北:華宇出版社。  延伸查詢new window
12.湯用彤(1962)。往日雜稿。臺北:中華書局。  延伸查詢new window
13.曹仕邦(19900000)。中國佛教譯經史論集。臺北:東初。new window  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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