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題名:
種族歧視中的性別意涵:美國白人洗衣業主眼中的華人洗衣館(1870-1920)
書刊名:
近代中國婦女史研究
作者:
王秀惠
作者(外文):
Wang, Hsiu-hui
出版日期:
1999
卷期:
7
頁次:
頁43-74
主題關鍵詞:
男/女性氣質
;
性別分際
;
文明
;
種族進化
;
華人洗衣館
;
Manliness
;
Gender division
;
Civilization
;
Racial evolution
;
Chinese laundries
原始連結:
連回原系統網址
相關次數:
被引用次數:期刊(
1
) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
排除自我引用:
1
共同引用:0
點閱:50
本文探討種族歧視裡所透露出的性別意涵。檢視十九世紀末葉和二十世紀初葉美國白人所經營的機器洗衣廠和華人手工洗衣店之間的生意競爭時,白人對華人的各種指責或是詆毀攻擊,提供一個很好的例證。為了要抗衡一般大眾認定洗衣工作是女性的工作範疇,經營機器洗衣廠的白人,將男/女性氣質、性別分工、和白人優越意識相連,型塑出他們對性別氣質的認識以及它與科技和文明進化之間的關係。白人洗衣廠和華人洗衣館的競爭故事故說明華人洗衣工如何受到種族和性別雙重歧視。白人洗衣廠業主將男/女氣質和性別分工的認知與種族進化及文明程度劃上等號;換言之,性別分際愈明確者,愈能表現其種族的文明進化程度。白人男性洗衣業者強調自身操作機器、運用技術,並且以高清潔標準和高效率完成洗衣工作,這些舉企仍然是男性的範疇。對比之下,華人男性之所以進入洗衣業,完全是因為西部缺乏女性人力,以之為替代。此外,華人從事洗衣工業的模式,抄襲模仿白人女性操持家務的方法。這些行徑都使得業人男性失去作為一個男人的特質。而且華人手工洗衣店仍然使用舊式的方式,其中包含以口含水再噴水燙衣的落後不衛生方式;他們甚至被刻劃成野蠻的次等種族,藉著吃鼠肉降低生活費,以此達到收費低廉,爭取客源。白人洗衣廠主以男性威權的認知結構和白人統治非白人的種族優越意識套用在它與華人洗衣店的商業競爭過程裡,以此建立白人男性在洗衣業中的霸權。
以文找文
The paper examines the implication of gender ideology in racism. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries of America, the competition between white power laundries and Chinese hand laundries provided a good story. Confronted with the persistent notion that laundrywork was women's work, American power laundrymen recast laundrywork in a larger set of preexisting cultural idioms and symbols that linked manliness, machinery, and civilization. In a civilized society, men and women have their own separate but cooperative spheres. American white laundrymen, with the stress on scientific knowledge and modern technology, distinguished themselves from women doing laundry. Indeed they were civilized men by using machines to save women's energy and thus protect women. The Chinese laundrymen, however, crossed over into the women's sphere by outright imitation of women's ways, which was a sign of a savage society without a clear gender division. Moreover, the Chinese laundrymen were regarded as preindustrial figures by using primitive methods tools, and managemetn, specifically such an unhealthy and uncivilized way as mouth-sprinkling. Sometimes, Chinese laundrymen were protrayed as rats-eaters, another uncivilized behavior, to reduce their living expenses and thus lowered their laundry prices. Fighting against the Cinese hand laundries, these white power laundrymen thus claimed their authority in the laundry trade by drawing connections between male power and white supremacy.
以文找文
期刊論文
1.
(1904)。Attached Collars and Cuffs。National Laundry Journal,51(10),38。
2.
(1905)。Evolution of the Shirt。National Laundry Journal,53(2),32。
3.
Mayer, Marion M.(1921)。The Art of Starching。Good Housekeeping,73,173。
4.
伍盤照(1902)。The Chinaman in America。Independint,54,802。
5.
Liestman, Daniel(1994)。Chinese Labor at the Passaic Steam Laundry in Belleville。New Jersey History,112(1)/112(2),22。
6.
Hipp, Edward Southern(1932)。Newarker "Father" of Chinese Lanundry; George T. Casebolt, 93, Reveals that He Brought First Chinamen East to Break Strike, But They Started Theur Own Business。Newark Sunday Call。
7.
Lepper, Althea(1932)。What Price Washdays?。Delineator,128,11。
8.
(1904)。National Laundry Journal。National Laundry Journal,52(6)。
9.
(1930)。Official Bulletin。Official Bulletin,13(5)。
10.
Smith, Grace Marian(1927)。Sanitation in the Laundry。Hygeia,5,192。
11.
(1909)。The Chink's Out-of-Date Machine Work。Laundryman's Guide,2(5),13。
12.
(1904)。National Laundry Journal。National Laundry Journal,51(8)。
13.
(1905)。Machinery Does the Work Better。National Laundry Journal,53(1),50。
14.
(1917)。Public Health Reports。Public Health Reports,32(6)。
15.
Waite, Georgiana Smuth(1924)。Housewives Crying for Laundry Service。Laundry Age,4(7),99。
16.
(1905)。National Laundry Journal。National Laundry Journal,53(3)。
17.
(1906)。National Laundry Journal。National Laundry Journal,55(5)。
18.
(1906)。Run Out the Chinaman。National Laundry Journal,56(5),57。
19.
(1908)。National Laundry Journal。National Laundry Journal,59(2)。
20.
(1908)。National Laundry Journal。National Laundry Journal,60(3)。
21.
(1905)。Towels and Soap in China。National Laundry Journal,53(6),33。
22.
(1905)。National Laundry Journal。National Laundry Journal,54(5)。
23.
(1905)。National Laundry Journal。National Laundry Journal,54(8)。
24.
(1909)。Laundryman's Guide。Laundryman's Guide,2(3)。
25.
(1905)。National Laundry Journal。National Laundry Journal,53(5)。
26.
(1908)。Laundry Licenses。National Laundry Journal,59(1),22。
27.
(1905)。Take an Opposite View。National Laundry Journal,53(7),32。
28.
Fitch, W. E.(1914)。Looking Forward: The Oriental Problem。National Laundry Journal,72(4),10。
29.
Crawford, George(1914)。A Message to Members of the Laundrymen's National Association of America。National Laundry Journal,72(10),4。
30.
(1914)。Plan of the National Association for Coming Year。Pacific Laundryman,2(3),27。
31.
(1909)。Laundryman's Guide。Laundryman's Guide,1(5)。
32.
(1909)。Laundryman's Guide。Laundryman's Guide,2(6)。
33.
(1909)。Laundryman's Guide。Laundryman's Guide,1(3)。
34.
(1909)。Laundryman's Guide。Laundryman's Guide,3(1)。
35.
(1910)。Laundryman's Guide。Laundryman's Guide,3(5)。
學位論文
1.
Fassig, Millicent(1927)。Steam Laundries in New York City, with Special Reference to Shop Condition。
圖書
1.
Strasser, Susan(1982)。Never Done: a History of American Housework。New York, NY:Pantheon Books。
2.
Nienburg, Bertha、Blair, Bertha(1936)。Factors Affecting Wages in Power Laundries。Factors Affecting Wages in Power Laundries。Washington, D. C.。
3.
Ehrenreich, Barbara、English, Deirdre(1978)。For Her Own Good: 150 Years of the Experts’ Advice to Women。For Her Own Good: 150 Years of the Experts’ Advice to Women。New York。
4.
Siu, Paul(1987)。The Chinese Laundryman。New York。
5.
Cott, Nancy F.(1977)。The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere" in New England, 1780-1835。Yale University Press。
6.
Kimmel, Michael S.(1996)。Manhood in America: a Cultural History。New York。
7.
Boyce, Charles A.(1894)。The Steam Laundry and Its Method: Essays Read at the Convention Held at Buffalo, October, 1889。Chicago。
8.
DeArmond, Fred(1950)。The Laundry Industry。New York。
9.
Lee, Rose Hum(1978)。The Growth and Decline of Chinese Communities in the Rocky Mountain Region。The Growth and Decline of Chinese Communities in the Rocky Mountain Region。New York。
10.
Cowan, Ruth Schwartz(1983)。More work for mother: The ironies of household technology from the open hearth to the microwave。Basic Books。
11.
Kimmel, Michael S.(1987)。The Contemporary "Crisis" of Masculinity in Historical Perspective。The Making of Masculinities: The New Men's Studies。Boston。
12.
Bederman, Gail(1995)。Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917。Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917。Chicago。
13.
Schoeffler, O. E.、Gale, William(1973)。Esquire's Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Men's Fashion。Esquire's Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Men's Fashion。New YOrk。
14.
Kidwell, Claudia Brush、Steele, Valerie(1989)。Men and Women: Dressing the Part。Men and Women: Dressing the Part。Washington, D. C.。
15.
(1965)。The Maytag Encyclopedia of Home Laundry。The Maytag Encyclopedia of Home Laundry。Newton, Iowa。
16.
(1990)。The Life Story of a Chinaman: Lee Chew。The Life Stories of Undistinguished Americans: As told by Themselves。New York。
17.
Edwards, Richard(1879)。Alegheny Steam Landry。Industries of Pittsburgh (1879 -1880): Trade, Commerce, and Manufactures。
18.
(1890)。Charles Pfeifer。Industries & Wealth of Pittsburrgh and Environs。New York。
19.
(1907)。The Crown Laundry。The East End, Pittsburgh。
20.
(1911)。Report on Conditon of Women and Child Wage Earners in the United States (Vol.XII)。Report on Conditon of Women and Child Wage Earners in the United States (Vol.XII)。
21.
Andrews, Benjamin R.(1929)。Economics of the Household: Its Administration and Finance。Economics of the Household: Its Administration and Finance。New York。
22.
Nestel, Louis Paul(1950)。Labor Relations in the Laundry Industry in Greater New York。Labor Relations in the Laundry Industry in Greater New York。
其他
1.
University Archives, Carnegie-Mellon University, Mellon Institute。
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