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| 3. | Karau, S. J.、Williams, K. D.(1993)。Social Loafing: A Meta-Analytic Review and Theoretical Integration。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，65(4)，681-706。 |
| 4. | Swain, A.(1996)。Social loafing and identifiability: The mediating role of achievement goal orientation。Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport，67，337-344。 |
| 5. | Huddleston, S.、Doody, S. G.、Ruder, M. K.(1985)。The effect of prior knowledge of the social loafing phenomenon on performance in a group。International Journal of Sport Psychology，16，176-182。 |
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| 7. | Hardy, C. J.、Latane, B.(1988)。Social loafing in cheerleaders: Effect of team membership and competition。Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology，10，109-114。 |
| 8. | Everett, C. J.、Smith, R. E.、Williams, K. D.(1992)。Effects of team cohesion and identification on social loafing in relay swimming performance。International Journal of sport psychology，23(2)，311-324。 |
| 9. | Anshel, M. H.(1995)。Examining social loafing among elite female rowers as a function of task duration and mood。Journal of Sport Behavior，18，39-49。 |
| 10. | Hardy, C. J.、Crace, R.(1991)。The effects of task structure and teammate competence on social loafing。Journal of Sport & ExercisePsychology，13，372-381。 |
| 11. | Hardy, C. J.(1990)。Social loafing: motivational losses in collective performance。International Journal of Sport Psychology，21，305-327。 |
| 12. | Latané, B.(1981)。The psychology of social impact。American Psychologist，36(4)，343-356。 |
| 13. | Latané, Bibb、Williams, Kipling D.、Harkins, Stephen G.(1979)。Many hands make light the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，37(6)，822-832。 |