現有研究將"知道"看作典型的敘實動詞,但實際語言中,"知道"后的賓語小句并不總是為真。本文發現,主語與賓語小句沒有控制關系的"知道1",無論其賓語小句是自主的還是非自主的,它都傾向于是敘實的;賓語小句是自主的且主語對賓語小句有控制性的"知道2",在肯定的句法環境下體現出非敘實的特點,在否定的句法環境下體現出反敘實的特點。作為假設標記的"早知道",其反敘實表現與自身的語法化有關,"早知道"由"知道1"和"知道2"分別通過不同的路徑語法化而來。

Former research regards zhidao(知道)as a typical factive verb in Chinese, but in actual language use, the truth value of the complements of zhidao is not always true. It is found that zhidao1 whose subject has no control over its complement tends to be factive, whether its complement is volitional or non-volitional; zhidao2 whose subject has control over its complement(volitional complement) tends to be non-factive in affirmative sentences but counter-factive in negative sentences. The counter-factivity of the subjunctive marker zaozhidao(早知道)is attributed to its own grammaticalization,and zaozhidao evolves via two different grammatical paths—zhidao1 and zhidao2, respectively.