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題名:民主轉型過程中的國家與民間社會:以台灣的環境運動為例(1986-1998)
作者:何明修 引用關係
作者(外文):Minh-Sho Ho
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:社會學研究所
指導教授:蕭新煌
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2000
主題關鍵詞:民間社會民主轉型社會運動環境運動政治機會civil societydemocratic transitionsocial movementenvironmental movementpolitical opportunity
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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政治條件深刻地影響了社會運動的興起與發展的可能性。封閉的政治局勢提昇了集體動員的難度,但是成功的社會抗議卻往往能改變不利的外在環境。在本研究中,我們所處理的是台灣民主轉型與環境運動之間的相互辯證關係,探討政治開放提供了何種的動員機會,而社會運動又如何促使政治改革更向前邁進。
我們將民主轉型視為一種政治機會結構(political opportunity structure),其中包含了四項彼此相關的因素,亦即國家組織性質、政策回應、抗議處理、政治聯盟者。在自由化(1986-1989)、威權反撲(1990-1992)、民主化(1993-1998)三個轉型時期之中,不同的政治開放性形塑了環境運動發展的可能性。在自由化時期中,政府試圖以溫和的態度來處理環境抗議事件,並且推出新的環境政策,不過這些舉動並不能阻止環境運動與反對運動發展出聯盟關係,形成大眾抗爭(popular upsurge)的局勢。1990年之後,國家當局對於民間社會的容忍程度降低,開始採取有組織的打壓政策,這促使環境運動提昇了其抗議的層次,並且紛紛投入選舉。在民主化時期之中,台灣的政黨政治日益成熟,但是環境運動並沒有隨著政治抗議的消失而沒落,反而進入了一個新的制度化階段。一方面,環境運動不再具有高度的“政治性”訴求,過去與反對黨的聯盟關係逐漸瓦解;另一方面,國家部門也放棄了打壓,並且願意開放若干環境決策參與的管道。隨著環境團體的成長,抗議案件的持續增加,更多元的運動路線不斷推出,環境運動逐漸成為民間社會之中一個強而有力的部門。
從這些結論出發,我們對於過去政體轉型的研究作品提出了一些修正意見。基本上,我們認為民間社會發展的自主性需要被肯定,重視社會運動的政治條件並不意味著將其化約為成政治過程的附屬產物。就起源而言,台灣的環境運動不是被動地反映了政治開放,其發展也不是隨著政治轉型期的終結而宣告結束。就民主化的動力而言,本研究認為集體行動者應被賦與更重要的角色,而不是將探討面向侷限於政治精英的互動。最後,展望未來的民主鞏固,我們認為民間社會將是下一個階段的關鍵,多元而廣泛的社會力不斷地重新塑造當前民主的圖像。
Political conditions shape the possibility of social movements. A closed political system enhances the difficulty of collective mobilization, but a successful social protest can also change the unfavorable external condition. In this study, the dialectical relation between democratic transition in Taiwan and environmental movement is our subject. The main questions are what kind of mobilization opportunity the political opening brought forth and how social movement in turn pushed the political further.
We take democratic transition as a change of political opportunity structure, which consists in four mutually related variables, organization of state, policy response, policing of protest and political alliance. In three periods of transition, i.e., liberalization(1986-1989), authoritarian backlash(1990-1992), democratization (1993-1998), different degree of political openness’ shapes the contour of environmental movement. In liberalization period, government treated the environmental protests mildly and set up new policy orientation. But these moves failed to prevent the alliance between environmental movement and the political opposition movement, which resulted in popular upsurge. After 1990, we witnessed the lowering of state elite’s’ tolerance as regards with civil society and the following organized suppression attempt. Thus, environmental movement raised its level of protest, and many activists joined the election campaign. In democratization, as the party politics in Taiwan matured, environmental movement did not disappear in relation as political protests decline; contrary to popular belief, it rather entered a new phrase of institutionalization. On the one hand, the movement itself lost the “political character”, and the alliance with opposition party underwent the process of collapse; on the other, the state turned away from its previous strategy of crackdown, and war more willing to open up some participation access. With the growth of citizen groups and protest events, pluralization of movement strategy, environment has become one strong sector in civil society.
With these in mind, we disagreed with the some dominant opinions concerning the nature of democratic transition. Basically, the autonomy of civil society has to be reaffirmed, which means that we have to take social movement seriously, rather than reducing it to an epiphenomenon. For its origin, environment movement did not passively reflect the political opening. Its development did not come to an end with the transition period, either. As for the dynamic of regime transition, we hold that collective actors should be given a greater role and mere discussion on transaction between political elites fails to capture the whole story. Looking forward to consolidation in future, civil society will be the linchpin, for plural social forces are constantly modifying what we hold to be democracy.
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Przeworski, Adam(1991) Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
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三、官書資料
內政部警政署 《中華民國台閩區警政統計年報》,歷年版
司法院(1988-98) 《台灣司法統計專輯》,歷年版
台北市警察局 《台北市警政統計年報》,歷年版
台北縣政府(1991) 《核四再評估:台北縣對核四環境影響評估的審查報告》
立法院 《立法院公報》
立法院(1993) 《公害糾紛調處法案》,法律案專輯第146輯,立法院秘書處編印
立法院(1995) 《環境影響評估法案》,法律案專輯178輯,立法院秘書處編印
宜蘭縣政府(1992) 《宜蘭縣政府、台灣水泥股份有限公司蘇澳廠環境保護協議書》
宜蘭縣環保局(1994) 《宜蘭縣環境保護年鑑》
高雄縣環保局(1990) 《高雄縣環境白皮書》
勞委會(1988-98) 《中華民國台灣地區勞工統計年鑑》,歷年版
衛生署(1985) 《加強推動環境響影評估方案》
環保署(1988-98) 《中華民國台灣地區環境保護統計年報》,歷年版
環保署(1988a) 《加速環境響影評估制度立法進度:報告》,環保署內部報告
環保署(1988b) 《建立環境響影評估制度檢討報告》,環保署內部報告
環保署(1992-4) 《公害糾紛處理白書》,1991-3年版
環保署(1998) 《環境白書》,1997年版
四、中文報紙
工商時報
中央日報
中時晚報
中國時報
中國晨報
中華日報
世界論壇報
台灣日報
台灣立報
台灣時報
台灣新生報
台灣新聞報
民生報
民眾日報
自由日報/時報
自立早報
自立晚報
更生日報
青年日報
經濟日報
聯合晚報
聯合報
五、期刊
《人間》,1985-9年
《八十年代》,[因被停刊,以《八十年代叢刊》、《八十年代叢書》、《八十年代半月刊》、《八十年代週刊》、《八十年代週刊評論》等名義出版],1979-86年
《大甲溪》,1990年
《大自然》,1983年之後,中華民國自然生態保育協會,
《中國論壇》
《中華雜誌》,1963-93年
《天下雜誌》
《台北環境》,1992年以後,台灣環境保護聯盟台北分會
《台灣新文化》,[因被停刊,以《台灣新文化每月叢書》、《新文化》名義出版],1986-90年
《台灣潮流週刊》,[因被停刊以《台灣展望》、《台灣年代》、《台灣年代週刊》等名義出版],1984-5年
《台灣環境》,1987年以後,台灣環境保護聯盟
《生活與環境》,1981-2年
《前進週刊》,[因被停刊,以《前進世界》、《前進廣場》、《前進每週一書》、《前進時代》、《前進廣場月刊》、《前進》、《向前看》等名義出版],1983-8年
《春風》,1979年
《看守台灣》,1998年之後
《夏潮論壇》,1983年
《夏潮雜誌》,1976-9年
《深耕》,[因被停刊,以《生根》、《生根週刊》、《伸根週刊》、《深耕週刊》、《深耕報月刊》等名義出版],1981-7年
《勞工行政雜誌》
《勞動者》,1984年以後,台灣勞工陣線
《開創雜誌》,1984-5年
《新台評論》,[因被停刊,以《新台叢書》名義出版],1986-8年
《新新聞週刊》,1987年之後
《新路線週刊》,[因被停刊,以《新觀點週刊》、《新觀點叢書》等名義出版],1985-6年
《新潮流月刊》,1986年
《新潮流》,1993-5年
《新潮流評論》,1989-91年
《新潮流叢刊》,[後以《新潮流週刊》、《新社會週刊》等名義出版],1984年
《新環境月刊》,1985年之後,新環境雜誌社/新環境基金會
《綠色種籽》,1990-1年,台灣綠色和平組織
《環保展望週刊》,1995年之後,惠國顧問(股)公司
《環保展望電子報》,惠國顧問(股)公司,[至1999年4月為止]
《環保與經濟》,1989年之後
《環耕》,1996-7年
《關懷》,1981-5年
《台灣濕地》,1995年以後,中華民國濕地保護聯盟
《中華飛羽》,1988年以後,中華民國野鳥學會
《螺訊》,1997年以後,宜蘭縣無尾港文教促進會
《綠訊》,1996年以後,高雄市綠色協會
六、網際網路
EproNET http://www.epronet.com.tw
台灣綠黨http://gptaiwan.yam.org.tw/
民主進步黨http://www.dpp.org.tw/
行政院環境保護署http://www.epa.gov.tw/
 
 
 
 
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