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題名:近似理想誘導支付條件評估模式之理論建構與實證檢驗:以黑面琵鷺保護區多樣性資源價值之探討為例
作者:蘇明達
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:農業經濟學研究所
指導教授:吳珮瑛
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2003
主題關鍵詞:四階層誘導支付方式效用主義生物多樣性效率指標值最佳效率邊界
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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雖然條件評估法在文獻上已經發展出競價法、開放式與二元選擇等誘導支付模式,然而這些誘導支付方式卻都有缺點存在。因此,本文建構了一個擁有四階段決策過程的近似理想誘導支付模式,此模式的前三階段是採用二元選擇設計,所以受訪者容易參與此過程且方便回答,並且在最後第四階段使用開放方式,以使受訪者在參與一連串的選擇過程之後,仍然可以將願意支付額度具體地用單一數值呈現。同時,近似理想誘導支付模式是在最適設計原則下,制訂前三階段之受訪額度,而依此得到的最適受訪金額只有一組,共計七個不同受訪額度。這七個最適受訪額度會將受訪者可能回答之願付額度,區分為八個區間,並且所有受訪者的願付價格將會平均地分配於這八個願付區間當中。在如此的設計下,近似理想誘導支付模式不僅能使各個階段的效率值隨著階層增加而改善,也能夠將效率值控制在特定範圍內。
為了驗證近似理想誘導支付模式的實用性,因此選擇一個具有生物多樣性功能之黑面琵鷺保護區做為效益評估對象。然而,除了關心效益的評估結果外,同時也探討經濟學者從事效益評估背後所隱含的哲學基礎。雖然,資源環境經濟學者的效用主義觀是以人本為出發點,因此可以歸屬於人類中心主義的範疇,但由於不只是強調工具價值,同時亦考慮到人們對於生物多樣性資源的存在仍會賦予評價之事實,所以可以視為連結人類中心主義與非人類中心主義之間溝通的橋樑。再者,由於環境資源經濟學在評估自然資源之價值時,能夠兼顧人類對自然界抱持的多元評價,因此更適合做為環境政策的行動基石。
為呈現黑面琵鷺保護區的多元價值,因此在問卷設計中預擬規劃一個兼具旅遊、就業與保育價值內涵的發展方向,並且採用近似理想誘導支付模式來詢價。然而,探討近似理想誘導支付模式在理論上之最佳效率狀況的主要目的,是要為後續實際調查評估時提供一個最佳典範,以做為實證估計的比較基準。為了能從理論基準瞭解實證估計的效率性,選擇以平均願付價格之變異數與隨機項之變異數的比值,做為效率指標值。當該指標值愈大時,表示效率性愈低;反之,指標值愈小時,則效率性愈高。
在理論上,近似理想誘導支付模式可以獲得最佳效率指標值,並由此繪製出最佳效率邊界,此二者可以做為實證估計效率性的比較基準。由於在實證估計時會考量選擇不同的分配函數型態、設定不同的估計函數形式、以及納入受訪者特質對願意支付價格的影響等,因此便將這些可能面對的實證估計之效率性與最佳效率狀況做比對。在實際估計黑面琵鷺保護區多元價值之調查資料後可知,當實證採用的模型設定愈符合理論上的理想狀況時,則實證效率指標值會愈接近最佳效率指標值,同時實證效率線也會愈靠近最佳效率邊界;反之,若差異的情況愈多,則會愈偏離最佳狀況。
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