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題名:社區居民參與環境改造之行為模式研究
作者:郭彰仁 引用關係
作者(外文):Chang-Jen Kuo
校院名稱:國立中山大學
系所名稱:公共事務管理研究所
指導教授:郭瑞坤
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2008
主題關鍵詞:社會認知論環境行動知識環境道德感結構方程模式負責任的環境行為模式計劃行為理論營造農村新風貌計畫營造都市社區新風貌計畫社區意識量表social cognitive theoryknowledge of environmental actionenvironmental moral obligationstructural equation modelingresponsible environmental behaviortheory of planned behaviorrural community landscape renaissance projecturban community landscape renaissance projectsense of community scale
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環境問題是公共事務的一環,同時,實質環境的問題也是地區發展時一項重要議題。許多民眾參與的案例有很多都是從環境改造著手,因為,這是在地區發展相關工作中最容易看到成效的。從筆者過去實際參與城鄉風貌計畫的相關工作中,發現到在環境改造工作之中,人的因素是最重要的,社區環境改善成效比較好的,往往是民眾參與度較高的社區。
在講求效率與政府經費逐年縮減的狀況下,推動社區居民自發的參與環境改造可以讓社區環境永續經營,並間接促進地區的發展。有關社區居民參與環境改造工作,除了表現出對社區環境的關懷,也可能與其對環境的責任感、環境知識技能、自主控制等有關。因此本研究以社區居民為研究對象,有以下幾個研究目的: (1) 透過文獻探討,選取適合之社區意識量表,並驗證在台灣的適用性。 (2) 由相關理論建構社區居民參與環境改造的行為模式,並檢驗此模式之配適度。 (3) 探討影響社區居民參與環境改造行為的影響因素,並瞭解各因素之間的因果關係。 (4) 比較TPB(計畫行為理論)與本研究提出之架構兩者在解釋社區居民參與環境改造行為的解釋能力。
本研究以問卷調查法進行資料收集,以SEM(結構方程模式)為分析工具,並選取過去曾參與營建署「營造都市社區新風貌計畫」及農委會「營造農村新風貌計畫」之社區中的成員為研究標的,共計獲得有效問卷616份。並依「都市計畫區社區」與「非都市計畫區」,分別進行模式的建構與差異檢定。
研究架構包括計劃行為理論中之「態度」、「主觀規範」、「行為控制知覺」、「行為意圖」、「行為」;再加上社會認知理論中的「自我效能」、環境公民行為模式中的「環境行動知識」、及「環境道德觀」與「社區意識」,合計9個構面。本研究實證結果驗證了10個假設,有8個假設獲得支持,2個假設部分成立,結果說明如下: (1)「主觀規範」顯著影響參與環境改造行為的「參與態度」; (2)「參與態度」顯著影響參與環境改造行為的「行為傾向」; (3)「行為控制知覺」會顯著影響參與環境改造行為的「行為傾向」; (4)「社區意識」顯著影響參與環境改造行為的「行為傾向」; (5)「環境行動知識」會顯著影響「自我效能」感; (6)「自我效能」感會顯著影響「行為控制知覺」; (7)「環境道德感」顯著影響「參與態度」; (8)「參與行為傾向」會顯著影響參與環境改造的「行為」。另外部分成立的是: (1)非都市計畫區居民的「主觀規範」會顯著增進參與環境改造行為的「行為傾向」; (2)都市計畫社區居民與全體居民的「行為控制知覺」會顯著增進參與環境改造行為的「參與態度」。
另外本研究亦驗證了Tartaglia(2006)新提出的ISCS(義大利社區意識量表)量表在本研究上的適用性。同時本研究所提出的「社區居民參與環境改造行為模式」也證明在解釋居民參與環境改造行為的配適度與解釋能力略優於「計畫行為理論」的模式。
During the past decade, the environmental issue has been an important concern of public affairs because the problems generating from the physical environment are the main focus of local development. Generally, the most effective work of community development is to encourage people to participate in environmental improvement actions. For example, the literature has indicated that individual is the most important factor for environmental improvement actions. Thus, people who highly participate in the community affairs often have better performances on community improvement actions.
Base on an efficient society and the budget of government downsizing, promoting community residents to actively participate in environmental improvement actions would help the community environment management to be more sustainable and indirectly leading the local development. Concerning community environment, the responsibility for the community, knowledge of environmental action, and the ability of self-control might be correlated with the community residents’ participation behavior in environmental improvement actions. The purpose of study is to explore the relationships among sense of community, the knowledge of environmental action, environmental moral obligation, and participating environmental improvement actions. Four objectives are mainly specified: first, to develop a sense of community scale of Taiwanese population; second, to integrate theories to test a community participation behavior model in environmental improvement actions; third, to understand the influential factors of community residents participation in environmental improvement actions; finally, to compare and interpret community residents participation in environmental improvement behavior model and “Theory of Planned Behavior”.
This study surveyed community residents who ever participated in “urban community landscape renaissance project” supported by Construction and Planning Agency, and “rural community landscape renaissance project” founded by Soil and Water Conservation Bureau. A total of 616 community residents were administrated a self-report questionnaire. Further analysis of the data based on comparing respondent’s residence, respondents were grouped into to urban planning district group and non-urban planning district group. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method was then employed to test a conceptual model.
There were nine domains proposed in the conceptual model. Five of nine domains adopted from planning behavioral theory included “attitude”, “subjective norm”, “perceived behavioral control”, “behavioral intention” and “behavior”. One of nine domains, “self-efficacy”, was chosen from social cognition theory. Two of nine domains from environmental citizen behavioral model were “knowledge of environmental action”, “environmental moral obligation”. “Sense of community” was referenced to the last domain. The findings provided support for eight hypotheses and two hypotheses were partial supported. The detailed descriptions of hypothesis-testing results were as below. Eight hypotheses supported, they included: (1) After residents reflected on the “subjective norm”, the “attitude” toward participating environmental reform behaviors was remarkably promoted. (2) Resident’s “attitude” significantly influenced their “behavioral intention” of participating environmental improvement behaviors. (3) Resident’s “perceived behavioral control” significantly impacted their “behavioral intention” of participate in environmental improvement behaviors. (4) Resident’s “sense of community” significantly impacted their “behavioral intention” of participating environmental improvement behaviors. (5) Resident’s “knowledge of environmental action” significantly impacted their “self-efficacy”. (6) Resident’s “self-efficacy” significantly effected their “perceived behavioral control”. (7) Resident’s “environmental moral obligation” significantly impacted their “attitude” of participating environmental improvement behaviors. (8) Resident’s “behavioral intention” significantly impacted their participating environmental improvement “behaviors”.
Two hypotheses were partial supported: (1) Only in non-urban planning district resident’s “subjective norm” significantly impacted their “behavioral intention” of participating environmental improvement behaviors. (2) Only in urban planning district and all districts resident’s “perceived behavioral control” significantly impacted their “attitude” of participating environmental improvement behaviors.
Additionally, the findings confirmed that Italian Sense of Community Scale (ISCS) was an appropriate scale to measure Taiwanese population’s sense of community. These findings provide researchers and practitioners for insight of resident’s participation in environmental improvement, which is better than “Theory of Planned Behavior”.
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