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題名：環境保護政策與經濟分析
作者：蕭志豪
作者(外文)：SHAW, CHIH-HAO
校院名稱：國立臺北大學
系所名稱：法律學系一般生組
指導教授：郭介恆
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2009
主題關鍵詞：外部性；交易成本；市場失靈；邊際效益；邊際成本；阿羅不可能；撘便車；私有財；公共財；樞要個人；克拉克賦稅；訊息成本；寇斯定理；externality；transaction costs；market failure；marginal utility；marginal costs；Arrow Impossibility；free-riding；private good
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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本文之論述結構, 可分為四個部分。
一、 導論: 引發問題意識, 導引出相關的法律議題;
二、 本文所使用的分析工具: 乃就本文所採用的經濟分析方法, 包括「寇斯定理」及「委託-代理理論」等, 就其解決問題之優劣性、 以及其於運用時所可能面臨之界限或條件問題, 予以敘述;
三、 本文所分析的法律議題: 乃就所爭議之議題加以介紹及說明, 並援引前章所發展之經濟分析工具, 對於前述問題進行分析與探討;
四、 結論: 乃就前述之內容, 為一綜合性的總結。
申言之, 首先, 於「經濟誘因的管制策略研究」之一節, 本文乃藉由財產權概念之介紹, 衍申出「污染權作為可交易的客體」之基本架構, 並強調, 引進經濟誘因機制對於我國將來加入國際社會時之參考價值;
其次, 於「基本權利限制的比例性問題」之一節, 本文乃運用前章所發展而得到的經濟模型, 對於德國聯邦憲法法院於藥房案判決中所提出的「三階段」判斷標準, 進行分析與驗證, 並得到: 手段的「必要性」、 或「最小干預性」, 雖在表面上, 是為了滿足「過度禁止」之要求, 但在實際上, 乃是為了達成「極大化社會總效用」之目的而存在之結論, 故前述的「過度禁止」之內容, 應被廣義地理解為, 具有「不足禁止」精神的「極大化社會總效用」之概念;
再者, 於「資源分配的平等性問題」之一節, 本文得到: 唯有經過「比例性」、 或「效率」等標準之衡量, 對於「平等」的考量才有其意義之結論, 因而, 並非僅僅是其他的類別相對於某類別來說具有「可相提並論性」, 即當然地可證成該其他類別亦必須受有「可相提並論」的利益或不利益, 最適的規模為何, 仍須視各方的利益結構為何而定;
最後, 於「由 Chevron 案所衍申的司法與行政職務分工問題」之一節, 本文乃援引訊息經濟學中「委託-代理」之理論, 對於立法、 行政、 司法間權力分配之平衡問題有所釐清, 質言之, 授權之目的, 本是立法者為了節省在確定法案內容時所耗費的時間和精力之成本, 而採行之方案選擇, 因而, 隨著私人間利益衝突之擴大, 立法變得模糊不清的可能性也就愈大, 為了精確地監督行政立法之品質, 立法機關必須另與一有法律判斷專業能力的司法機關建立授權之關係, 以使司法機關的專業能力、 和私人利益, 能夠成為有效監督行政立法結果的公共利益之基礎。
The present thesis is structured in four principal parts:
I. Introduction: This part ignites awareness of the subject issues and leads into the legal topics concerned.
II. The present thesis adopts analytical tools including economic analysis methodology, notably Coase theorem and “principal-agent theory” to elucidate the performance in solving problems and the subjects of limits or constraints which might confront the issues upon utilization of such tool.
III. Legal issues analyzed in the present thesis: This part introduces and explains the issues in dispute and quotes the economic analysis tools developed in the preceding chapter. It further analyzes and probes into the aforementioned issues.
IV. Conclusions: This Chapter comes to a comprehensive conclusion over the aforementioned contents.
In an extension, in the study of regulatory strategy over economic incentive, the present thesis evolves the fundamental frameworks that the emission rights could be taken as a sort of tradable objects, as deriving from the concept of property rights. This part also underlines the referential value of the economic incentive mechanism to the Republic of China when it gets admitted to the international community.
Next, in the chapter of the proportionality of the restraint of fundamental rights, the present thesis makes utilization of the economic models obtained evolved in the preceding Chapter to analyze and verify the three-steps category pointed out by the German court of constitution on the judgement of the “apothecarydecicion” case. This Chapter obtains conclusions on the “necessity” or the “minimum possible interference”. On the surface, it seems intended to satisfy the requirements in “excessive abstention”. In actuality, nevertheless, such a conclusion exists for the purposes of accomplishing maximizing social total utilities. The content of the aforementioned “excessive abstention” should be interpreted in a broad sense into the concept of “maximizing social total utilities”.
Next, in the issues related to equality of “resources distribution”, the present thesis acquires such key points: Only through measuring by means of such “proportionality” or “efficiency” could such key points bear possible significant conclusions. Accordingly, it doesn’t make sense if we say definitely a certain category bears compatible interests or non-interests only because another category is compatible with certain categories. The optimal scale still depends upon how the structure of involved interests.
In the Chapter of division of labor between judicial and administrational functions evolved in “Chevron case”, the present Thesis quotes principal-agent theory of the information economics. This clarifies the balance of allocation of legislative, executive and judicial powers. To put it in more understandable terms, the efforts of delegation are a sort of option intended to economize the costs of time and energy which might be spent on ascertaining content of the key issues. Accordingly, the more conflict of private interests is broadened, the greater possibility in the legislative performance while the legislation becomes increasingly vague. To accurately administer the quality of administrational legislation, the legislative authorities must enter into the delegation relationship with judicial branches which bear the professional competence of judgement. Through such efforts, the professional competence of the judicial branches, the private interests will be combined into a firm foundation of public interests to effectively administer administrational legislation performance.
一、 中文部分, 以作者姓氏筆劃數排列:

李建良, 基本權利理論體系之構成及其思考層次, 收錄於, 人文及社會集刊, 第 9 卷, 第 1 期, 1997 年.new window

李惠宗, 憲法要義, 元照出版公司, 第 4 版, 2004 年.

李惠宗, 總統刑事豁免權及機密特權之研究 --- 大法官釋字第六二七號解釋評釋, 月旦法學雜誌, 第 147 期, 2007 年 8 月.

吳庚, 行政爭訟法論, 初版, 1999 年.

林大侯, 數理經濟分析, 三民書局股份有限公司, 第 3 版, 1987 年.

林子儀, 言論自由的限制與雙軌理論, 收錄於, 現代國家與憲法 --- 李鴻禧教授new window
六秩華誕祝賀論文集, 月旦出版社, 初版, 1977 年.

林紀東, 中華民國憲法釋論, 大中國圖書公司, 改訂第 56 版, 1993 年.

洪遜欣, 中國民法總則, 初版, 1958 年, 再修訂 4 版, 1992 年.

洪遜欣, 法理學, 初版 1 刷, 1982 年, 初版 10 刷, 1994 年.

張志明, 美國聯邦最高法院與德國憲法法院墮胎判決之比較研究, 國立政治大學法律研究所碩士論文, 1999 年.

張治安, 中國憲法及政府, 五南圖書出版股份有限公司, 第 5 版 4 刷, 2002 年.

盛子龍, 比例原則作為規範違憲審查之準則 --- 西德聯邦憲法法院判決及學說之研究 ---, 國立台灣大學法律研究所碩士論文, 1989 年.

許志雄、 陳銘祥、 蔡茂寅、 周志宏、 蔡宗珍, 現代憲法論, 元照出版有限公司, 第 3 版 1 刷, 2002 年.

許宗力, 基本權的功能與司法審查, 收錄於, 國家科學委員會研究彙刊, 人文及社會科學, 第 6 卷, 第 1 期, 1996 年.new window

黃昭元, 「國軍老舊眷村改建條例」的合憲性 --- 司法院釋字第四八五號解釋評析, --- 司法院釋字第四八五號解釋評析, 台灣本土法學雜誌, 第 6 期, 2000年
1 月.

黃銘輝, 成本效益分析 (cost-benefit analysis) 在我國行政法上應用可能性之研究 --- 以解構「比例原則」為中心 ---, 國立台北大學法學學系碩士班碩士論文,
2000 年.

湯德宗, 美國空氣污染管制策略之研究, 政大法學評論, 第 35 期, 1987 年.new window

劉宗德、 彭鳳至, 行政訴訟制度, 收錄於, 翁岳生編, 行政法, 翰蘆圖書出版有限公司, 第 2 版 2 刷, 2000 年.

劉鳳羽, 從理性選擇之賽局理論探討「憲法時刻」之集體選擇, 國立台灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文, 1998 年 6 月.

劉靜怡、 楊雅雯、 郭思岑等譯, 民主與不信任 --- 美國司法違憲審查理論 ---, 商周出版, 初版, 2005 年.

葉俊榮, 轉型社會的程序立法, 我國行政程序的立法設計與立法影響評估, 收錄於, 當代公法理論 --- 翁岳生教授六秩誕辰祝壽論文集, 月旦出版公司, 1993年.

葉俊榮, 環境政策與法律, 月旦出版社股份有限公司, 初版, 1993 年.new window

葉俊榮譯, Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War, 收錄於, 美國聯邦最高法院憲法判決選譯 --- 司法審查 ---, 司法院秘書處, 1995 年.

葉俊榮, 面對行政程序法 --- 轉型台灣的程序建制, 元照出版公司, 初版 1 刷, 2002 年.

葛克昌, 人民有依法納稅義務, 稅法基本問題 --- 財政憲法篇, 元照出版公司, 1999 年.new window

葛克昌, 量能原則與所得稅法, 稅法基本問題 --- 財政憲法篇, 元照出版公司, 1999 年.new window

葛克昌, 論公法上金錢給付義務之法律性質, 行政程序與納稅人基本權, 翰蘆圖書出版有限公司, 初版, 2002 年 10 月.new window

郭介恒, 立法院對預算審查案議決權之範圍及其應有之限制, 憲政時代, 1994 年 1 月.

郭介恒, 立法怠惰之回應, 憲政時代, 1995 年 7 月.

郭介恒, 行政契約法在我國法制上之運用, 收錄於, 台灣永續發展研討會論文集, 1997 年 11 月.

郭介恒, 正當法律程序 --- 美國法制之比較研究, 收錄於, 憲法體制與法治行政, 第 1 冊, 1998 年 8 月.

郭介恒, 稅法解釋之理論與實務運用, 五南出版社, 1988 年.

郭介恒, 納稅人應有之權利保護, 月旦法學雜誌, 2006 年 9 月.

郭銘松, 共和價值作為廣電媒體管制基礎的功能及其侷限 --- 以「第四權理論」的檢討為例, 臺灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文, 1997 年.

陳新民, 憲法權利之基本理論, 上冊, 元照出版公司, 第 5 版 1 刷, 1999 年.new window

陳慈陽, 環境法總論, 元照出版公司, 初版, 2000 年.new window

陳慈陽, 憲法學, 元照出版公司, 初版, 2004 年.

陳愛娥, 憲法對未出生胎兒的保護 --- 作為基本權保護義務的一例來觀察 ---, 政大法學評論, 第 58 期, 1997 年.new window

陳愛娥, 訴訟權能與訴訟利益, 律師雜誌, 第 254 期, 2000 年.

陳愛娥, 立法怠惰與司法審查, 憲政時代, 第 26 卷, 第 3 期, 2001 年 1 月.

陳愛娥, 憲法解釋、 立法與普通司法的權限互動, 評司法院大法官釋字第六二七號解釋 --- 以司法院大法官的論述方式為檢討重點, 月旦法學雜誌, 第 148 期,
2007 年 9 月.

蔣中一, 基礎經濟數學, 東華書局股份有限公司, 第 4 版, 1985 年.

簡資修, 寇斯的廠商、 市場與法律: 一個法律人的觀點, 台大法學論叢, 第 26 卷, 第 2 期, 1997 年 1 月.new window

簡資修, 一個自主但開放的法學觀點, 月旦法學雜誌, 第 93 期, 2003 年 2 月.

蕭文生譯, 關於「職業自由(工作權)」之判決, 西德聯邦憲法法院裁判選輯(一), 司法院秘書處, 1990 年.

薩孟武, 政治學, 三民書局股份有限公司, 第 3 版, 1988 年.

二、 英文部分, 以作者姓氏字母順序排列:

Ackerman, Bruce A., Beyond Carolene Products, 98 Harvard Law Review, (1985).

Ackerman, Bruce A. & Stewart, Richard B., Reforming Environmental Law, 37 Stanford Law Review, (1985).

Ackerman, Bruce A. & Stewart, Richard B., Reforming Environmental Law: The Democratic Case for Market Incentives, 13 Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, (1988).

Aman, Alfred C. Jr. & Mayton, William T., Administrative Law, West Publishing Co., (1993).

Anderson, Elizabeth, Value in Ethics and Economics, Harvard University Press, (1993).

Anderson, F. & Mandelker D. & Tarlock, A., Environmental Protection: Law and Policy, XXiii, (1984).

Anton, Howard & Rorres, Chris, Elementary Linear Algebra: Application Version,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 8th. ed., (2000).

Apostol, Tom M., Calculus, Blaisdell Publishing Company, 1st ed. (1961), 2nd ed., (1967).

Arrow, Kenneth J., Social Choice and Individual Values, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1st ed., (1951), 2nd ed., (1963), 3rd printing, (1966).

Ashford & Ayres & Stone, Using Regulation to Change the Market for Innovation, 9 Harvard Environmental Law Review, (1986).

Asimow, Michael, The Scope of Judicial Review of Decisions of California Administrative Agencies, 42 U.C.L.A. Law Review, (1995).

Bain, Lee J. & Engelhardt, Max, Introduction to Probability and Mathematical Statistics, Duxbury Press, PWS-KENT Publishing Company, 2nd. ed., (1992).

Bonfield, Arthur Earl & Asimow, Michael, State and Federal Administrative Law, West Publishing Co., (1989).

Bonola, Roberto, Non-Euclidean Geometry --- A Critical and Historical Study of its Development, tr. by H. S. Carslaw, Dover Publications, Inc., (1955).

Boole, George, An Investigation into the Laws of Thought, on which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probability, Dover Publications Inc., (1854).

Brams, Steven J. & Taylor, Alan D., The Win-win Solution: Guaranteeing Fair Shares to Everybody, W. W. Norton & Company, 1st. ed., (1999).

Breyer, Stephen, Regulation and Its Reform, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, (1982).

Breyer, Stephen, The Legislative Veto After Chadha, in: The Thomas F. Ryan Lecture, 72 The Georgetown Law Journal, (1984).

Bruce, Colin, Conned Again, Watson! --- Cautionary Tales of Logic, Math, and Probability, (2001).

Buchanan, James M., Public Finance in Democratic Process: Fiscal Institutions and Individual Choice, The University of North Carolina Press, (1967).

Buchanan, James M., The Limits of Liberty: Between Anarchy and Leviathan, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, (1975).

Buchanan, James M., The Domain of Constitutional Economics, in: Constitutional Political Economy 1, (1990).

Buchanan, James M., Constitutional Economics, Oxford: Blackwell, (1991).

Buchanan, James M. & Tullock, Gordon, The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, (1962).

Buchholz, Rogene A., Public Policy Issues for Management, (1992).

Clarke, Edward H., Multipart Pricing of Public Goods, 11 Public Choice, (1971).

Clarke, Edward H., Multipart Pricing of Public Goods: An Example, in: Selma J. Mushkin, ed., Public Prices for Public Products, The Urban Institute, (1972).

Coase, Ronald H., The Nature of the Firm, 4 Economica, (1937).

Coase, Ronald H., The Problem of Social Cost, 3 The Journal of Law and Economics, (1960).

Coase, Ronald H., The Market for Goods and the Market for Ideas, 64 American Economic Review, (1974).

Cooter, Robert D., Optimal Tax Schedules and Rates, 68 American Economic Review, (1978).

Cooter, Robert D., The Cost of Coase, 11 Journal of Legal Studies, (1982).

Cooter, Robert D., The Coase Theorem, in: The New Palgrave: The World of Economics, ed. by John Eatwell, Murray Milgate and Peter Newmann, New York: Stockton Press, (1991).

Cooter, Robert D., The Minimax Constitution as Democracy, 12 International Review of Law and Economics, (1992).

Cooter, Robert D., The Rule of State Law versus the Rule-of-Law State: Economic Analysis of the Legal Foundations of Development, in: The Law and Economics of Development, ed. by Edgardo Buscaglia, William Ratliff, and Robert Cooter, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press Inc., (1997).

Cooter, Robert D., Expressive Law and Economics, 27 Journal of Legal Studies, (1998).

Cooter, Robert D., The Strategic Constitution, Princeton University Press, (2000).

Cooter, Robert D. & Ulen, Thomas, Law and Economics, Pearson Education Inc., 4th ed., (2004).

Courant, Richard & Fritz, John, Introduction to Calculus and Analysis, vol. 1, Interscience Publishers, Division of John Wiley and Sons Inc., (1965).

Cox, Archibald, Book Review, 94 Harvard Law Review, (1981).

Cox, Archibald, The Court and the Constitution, Houghton Mifflin Company, (1987).

Crandall, R., The Political Economy of Clean Air: Practical Constraints on White House Review, Environmental Policy under Regan's Executive Order, (1984).

Crandall & Portney, Environmental Policy, in: Natural Resources and the Environment: The Regan Approach, (1984).

Dixit, Avinash K. & Nalebuff, Barry J., Thinking Strategically: The Competitive Edge in Business, Politics, and Everyday Life, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., (1993).

Dorfman, The Lessons of Pesticide Regulation, in: Reform of Environmental Regulation, (1982).

Downs, Anthony, An Economic Theory of Democracy, New York: Harper, (1957).

Einstein, Albert, Space and Time in Pre-Relativity Physics, in "The Meaning of Relativity", Princeton University Press, 1st ed., (1922), 4th Princeton paperback printing, (1974).

Ely, John Hart, Democracy and Distrust --- A Theory of Judicial Review, Harvard University Press, (1980).

Euclid, Elements, in: The Thirteen Books of Euclid's Elements, trans. by Health, Thomas L., Cambridge University Press, 1st ed., (1909), 2nd ed., (1926), Dover Publications Inc., revised with additions, (1956).

Finney, Ross L. & Thomas, Jr. George B., Calculus, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc., 2nd. ed., (1994).

French, A. P., Special Relativity, W. W. Norton and Company Inc., (1968).

Galilei, Galileo, Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Mathematiche, intorno á due nuoue scienze, Louis Elzevir, 1st ed., (1638); Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences, trans. by Henry Crew and Alfonso de Salvio, Dover Publications Inc., 1st ed., (1914), 2nd ed., (1954).

Green, Jerry R. & Laffont, Jean-Jacques, Characterization of Satisfactory Mechanism for the Revelation of Preferences for Public Goods, 45 Econometrica, (1977).

Green, Jerry R. & Laffont, Jean-Jacques, On the Revelation of Preferences of Public Goods, 8 Journal of Public Economics, (1977).

Green, Jerry R. & Laffont, Jean-Jacques, Incentives in Public Decision-Making, North-Holland Publishing Company, 1st ed., (1979), 2nd ed., (1980).

Groves, Theodore, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, (1970).

Groves, Theodore, Incentives in Teams, 41 Econometrica, (1973).

Groves, Theodore & Loeb M., Incentives and Public Inputs, 4 Journal of Public Economics, (1975).

Guyton, Arthur C., Text Book of Medical Physiology, W. B. Saunders Company, 6th ed., (1981).

Hack, Maureen, The Sensorimotor Development of the Preterm Infant, in Behrman's Neonatal-perinatal Medicine: Diseases of the Fetus and Infant, ed. by Fanaroff, Avroy A. & Martin, Richard J., The C. V. Mosby Campany, 3rd ed., (1983).

Hahn, Robert W. & Hester, Gordon L., Marketable Permits: Lessons for Theory and Practice, 16 Ecology Law Quarterly, (1989).

Hamilton, Alexander & Madison, James & Jay, John, The Federalist --- with The Letters of "Brutus", Cambridge University Press, 1st published, (2003).

Hand, L., The Spirit of Liberty, in The Spirit of Liberty, 189-190, (I. Dilliard ed.), (1953).

Halliday, David, & Rensnick, Robert, Fundamentals of Physics, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 3rd ed., (1988).

Harris, Milton & Raviv, Arthur, Some Results on Incentive Contracts with Applications to Education and Employment, Health Insurance, and Law Enforcement, 68 The American Economic Review, (1978).

Harrison & Haig & Nichols, Benefits, Assessment and Environmental Regulation: Case Study of Hazardous Pollutants, Discussion Paper Series E-83-07, in: Energy and Environmental Policy Center, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, (1983).

Hirschfelder, R. & Hirschfelder, J., Introduction to Discrete Mathematics, Wadsworth Inc., (1991).

Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan, Cambridge University Press, (1996).

Hogg, Robert V. & Mckean, Joseph W. & Craig, Allen T., Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, Pearson Education, Inc., 6th ed., (2005).

Holmström, Bengt, Moral Hazard and Observability, 10 The Bell Journal of Economics, (1979).

Holmström, Bengt & Milgrom, Paul, Aggregation and Linearity in the Provision of Intertemporal Incentives, no. 2, 55 Econometrica, (1987).

Holmström, Bengt & Milgrom, Paul, Multitask Principal-Agent Analyses: Incentive Contracts, Asset Ownership, and Job Design, 7 Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, (1991).

Horn, Murray J., The Political Economy of Public Administration: Institutional Choice in the Public Sector, Cambridge University Press, (1995).

Joskow, Paul L. & Schmalensee, Richard, The Political Economy of Market-based Environmental Policy: The U.S. Acid Rain Program, 51 Journal of Law and Economics, (April 1998).

Joskow, Paul L. & Schmalensee, Richard & Bailey, Elizabeth M., The Market for Sulfur Dioxide Emissions, 88 The American Economic Review, (1998).

Kakutani, S., A Generalization of Brouwer's Fixed Point Theorem, 8 Duke Math. Journal, (1941).

Kreps, David M., Game Theory and Economic Modeling, Oxford: Clarendon Press, (1990).

Kreps, David M. & Cho, In-Koo, Signaling Games and Stable Equilibrium, 102 Quarterly Journal of Economics, (1987).

Krier, J. & Ursin, E., Pollution and Policy, (1977).

Lang, Serge, Calculus of Several Variables, Springer-Verlag New York Inc., 3rd ed., (1987).

Latin, Howard, Ideal Versus Real regulatory Efficiency: Implementation of uniform standard and "Fine-Tuning" Regulatory Reforms, 37 Stanford Law Review, (1985).

Lecanuet, Jean-Pierre & Schaal, Benoist, Fetal Sensory Competencies, 68 European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, (1996).

Lee, Fredrick P., The Origins of Judicial Control of Federal Executive Action, 35 Georgetown Law Journal, (1948).

Martin, David A., The Legislative Veto and the Responsible Exercise of Congressional Power, 68 Virginia Law Review, (1982).

McCubbins, Matthew D. & Schwartz, Thomas, Congressional Oversight Overlooked: Police Patrols versus Fire Alarms, 28 American Journal of Political Science, (1984).

McCubbins, Matthew D. & Page, T., A Theory of Congressional Delegation, in Congress: Structure and Policy, edited by McCubbins, Matthew D. & Sullivan, T., (1987).

McCubbins, Matthew D. & Noll, Roger & Weingast, Barry R., Administrative Procedures as Instruments of Political Control, 3 Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, (1987).

McCubbins, Matthew D. & Noll, Roger & Weingast, Barry R., Structure and Process, Politics and Policy: Administrative Arrangements and the Political Control of Agencies, 75 Virginia Law Review, (1989).

Melnick, S., Regulation and the Courts: The Case of the Clean Air Act, (1983).

Merrill, Thomas W., Judicial Deference to Executive Precedent, 101 The Yale Law Journal, (1992).

Minda, Gary, Postmodern Legal Movements, New York: New York University Press, (1995).

Mirrlees, James A., An Exploration in the Theory of Optimal Income Taxation, no. 2, 38 Review of Economic Studies, (1971).

Mirrlees, J. A., Notes on Welfare Economics, Information and Uncertainty, in Balch & McFadden & Wu, eds., Essays on Economic Behavior under Uncertainty, Amsterdam, North Holland Publishing Co., (1974).

Moe, T., An Assessment of the Positive Theory of "Congressional Dominance", 12 Legislative Studies Quarterly (4), (1987).

Montgomery, David W., Market in Licenses and Efficient Pollution Control Programs, 5 Journal of Economic Theory, (1972).

Mueller, Dennis C., Public Choice II, Cambridge University Press, (1989).

Myerson, Roger, Incentive Compatibility and the Bargaining Problem, no.1, 47 Econometrica, (1979).

Nash, John, The Bargaining Problem, 18 Econometrica, (1950).

Nash, John, Non-cooperative Games, 54 Annals of Mathematics, (1951).

von Neumann, John & Morgenstern, Oskar, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, Princeton University Press, 1st. ed., (1944), renewed, (1972).

Noam, Eli, Spectrum Auctions: Yesterday's Heresy, Today's Orthodoxy, Tomorrow's Anachronism. Taking the Next Step to Open Spectrum Access, 41 Journal of Law and Economics, (1998).

Olson, Mancur, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, (1965).

Olson, Mancur, Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development, 87 American Political Science Review, (1993).

Pauly, Mark V., The Economics of Moral Hazard: Comment, 58 The American Economic Review, (1968).

Peters, Christopher J., Equality Revisited, 110 Harvard Law Review, (1997).

Pierce, Richard J. Jr. & Shapiro, Sidney A. & Verkuil, Paul R., Administrative Law and Process, The Foundation Press Inc., (1985).

Pratt, John W., Risk Aversion in the Small and in the Large, no. 1-2, 32 Econometrica, (1964).

Pratt, J., & Zeckhauser, R., Principals and Agents: An Overview, in Principals and Agents: The Structure of Business, edited by Pratt, J., & Zeckhauser, R., (1985).

Pokela, M. L., Pain Relief Can Reduce Hypoxemia in Distressed Neonates During Routine Treatment Procedures, 93 Pediatrics, (1994).

Rasmusen, Eric, Games and Information --- An Introduction to Game Theory, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 3rd. ed., (2001).

Rawls, John, A Theory of Justice, Harvard University Press, (1971).

Regan, Donald, Authority and Value, 62 Southern California Law Review, (1989).

Ross, Stephen A., The Economic Theory of Agency: The Principal's Problem, 63 The American Economic Review, (1973).

Rose, Carol M., The Several Futures of Property: Of Cyberspace and Folk Tales, Emission Trades and Ecosystems, 83 Minnesota Law Review, (1998).

Rudin, Walter, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, McGraw-Hill Inc., 3rd ed., (1976).

Saari, Donald G., Geometry of Voting, Springer-Verlag, (1994).

Samuelson, Paul A., The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure, 36 The Review of Economics and Statistics, (1954).

Seidenfeld, Mark, A Civic Republican Justification for the Bureaucratic State, 105 Harvard Law Review, (1992).

Silver, Lee M., Remaking Eden, (1997).

Spence, Michael & Zeckhauser, Richard, Insurance, Information, and Individual Action, 61 The American Economic Review, (1971).

Spiegel, Murray R., Theory and Problems of Vector Analysis, and an Introduction to Tensor Analysis, (1959), McGraw-Hill, Inc., SI (Metric) Edition, (1974).

Stern, August, Matrix Logic, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., (1988).

Stewart, Richard B., The Reformation of American Administrative Law, 88 Harvard Law Review, (1975).

Stewart, Richard B., Regulation, Innovation and Administrative Law: A Conceptual Framework, 69 California Law Review, (1981).

Stewart, Richard B., Economics, Environment, and the Limits of Legal Control, 9 Harvard Environmental Law Review, (1985).

Stewart, Richard B., Reconstitutive Law, 45 Maryland Law Review, (1986).

Stewart, Richard B., Controlling Environmental Risks through Economic Incentives, 13 Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, (1988).

Sunstein, Case R., Law and Administration after Chevron, 90 Columbia Law Review, (1990).

Sunstein, Cass R., Free Markets and Social Justice, Oxford University Press, (1997).

Taurinus, Franz, Geometriae Prima Elementa, Cologne, (1826).

Teixeira, J. & Fogliani, R. & Giannakoulopoulos, X. & Glover, V. & Fisk, N. M., Fetal Haemodynamic Stress Response to Invasive Procedures, 347 Lancet, (1996).

Thomas, Jr. George B. & Finney, Ross, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 5th ed., (1979).

Thurow, L., The Zero-Sum Society: Distribution and the Possibilities for Economic Change, (1980).

Tideman, T. Nicolaus & Tullock, Gordon, A New and Superior Process for Making Social Choices, 84 Journal of Political Economy, (1976).

Tietenberg, T., Emission Trading: An Exercise in Reforming Pollution Policy, (1985).

Tirole, Jean, The Internal Organization of Government, no.1, 46 Oxford Economic Papers, (1994).

Toshiaki Takigawa, The Impact of thee WTO Telecommunications Agreement on US and Japanese Telecommunications Regulations, no.6, 32 Journal of World Trade, (1998).

Tussman, Joseph & tenBroek, Jacobus, The Equal Protection of the Laws, no. 3, 37 California Law Reviews, (1949).

Unger, R., Knowledge and Politics, (1975).

Vanhatalo, Sampsa & van Nieuwenhuizen, Onno, Fetal Pain?, 22 Brain and Development, (2000).

Vickrey, W. S., Counterspeculation, Auctions, and Competitive Sealed Tenders, 16 Journal of Finance, (1961).

Wolfe, James, A Proof of Taylor's Formula, 60 The American Mathematical Monthly, (1953).

三、 德文部分, 以作者姓氏字母順序排列:

von Armin, H., Staatsversagen: Schicksal oder Herausforderung?, in: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte B 48/87 v. 28.11.1987.

Beck, U., Risikogesellschaft: Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne, 1986.

Blankenagel, A., Umweltzertifikate -- Die rechtliche Problematik, in: Menz, E. M. (Hrsg.): Ökologie, Ökonomie und Jurisprudenz, 1987.

Chantelau, F. & Möker, U. H., Ökologisierung Kommunaler Abgaben: Abfall- und Abwassergebühren als Instrumente der Umweltpolitik, 1989.

Enders, A., Umwelt- und Ressourcenökonomie, 1985.

Frank, J., Markt versus Staat. Zur Kritk einer Chicago Doktrin, in: Die Neoklassik und ihre Herausforderung, Jahrbuch 1 Ökonomie und Gesellschaft, 1983.

Frank, J., Kollektive und individuelle Steuerung der Umwelt?, KJ, 1989.

Füller, M., Ein Umweltschutzgesetz in den Fesseln des Gewerbrechts -- Das BImSchG nach seiner 3. Novelle, IUR, 1990.

Gawel, E. & van Mark, M., Kompensationslösungen im Umweltschutz, ZAU, 1991.

Geulen, R., Grundlegende Neuregelung des Umweltrechts, ZRP, 1988.

Habermas, J., Legitimationsprobleme im Spätkapitalismus, 2. Aufl., 1973; ders. Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns, Bd. 2, 2. Aufl., 1982.

Hansmeyer, K. H. & Schneider, H. K., Umweltpolitik: Ihre Fortentwicklung unter marktsteuernden Aspekten, 1990.

Hartkopf G. & Bohne E., Umweltpolitik, Bd. 1, 1983.

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: Phänomenologie des Geistes, (1807), Der Philosophischen Bibliothek Band 114, Sechte Auflage, (1952).

Hendler, R., Umweltabgaben und Steuerstaatsdoktrin, 115, AöR, 1990.

Hesse, Konrad, Grundzüge des Verfassungsrechts der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, C.F. Müller Verlag, 20. Aufl., 1995.

Hilf, M., Umweltabgaben als Gegenstand von Gemeinschaftsrecht und -politik, NVwZ, 1992.

Hoffmann-Riem, Wolfgang, Die Reform staatlicher Regulierung in den USA, Der Staat, 1990.

Hoffmann-Riem, Wolfgang, Instrumente indirekter Verhaltenssteuerung, in: Koch, H. J. (Hrsg.), Auf dem Weg zum Umweltgesetzbuch, 1992.

Hoffmann-Riem, Wolfgang, Verwaltungsrechtsreform -- Ansätze am Beispiel des Umweltschutzes, in: Wolfgang Hoffmann-Riem & Eberhard Schmidt-Aßmann & Gunnar Folke Schuppert (Hrsg.), Reform des Allgemeinen Verwaltungsrechts:
Grundfragen, 1. Aufl., 1993.

Hömbser-Krusche, M., Die strafrechtliche Erfassung von Umweltschutzbelastungen, 1982.

Hoppe, W. & Beckmann, M., Umweltrecht, 1989.

Huckestein, B., Anforderung an Kompensationslösungen im Immisionsschutzrecht der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ZfU, 1989.

Jänicke, M., Staatsversagen. Die Ohnmacht der Politik in der Industriegesellschaft, 1986.

Kafka, Franz, Der Prozeß, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH, 1992; Schocken Books Inc., 1963.

Kant, Immanuel, Kritik der reinen Vernunft, 1. Auflage (1781), 2. Auflage (1787), Felix Meiner in Hamburg (1956), neu herausgegeben von Raymund Schmidt (1971).

Kaufmann, Arthur, Rechtsphilosophie, C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, München, 2. 1997.

Kloepfer, M., Zur rechtlichen Problematik ökonomischer Instrumente im Umweltschutz, ZAU, 1989.

Kloepfer, M. & Rehbinder, E. & Schmidt-Aßmann, E., Umweltgesetzbuch - Allgemein Teil, Forschungsbericht im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, 1991.

Kloepfer, M. & Thull, R., Rechtsprobleme einer CO2-Abgabe, DVBl., 1992.

Knüppel, H., Umweltpolitische Instrumente, Analyse der Berwertungskriterien und Aspekte einer Bewertung, 1989.

Köck, M., Die Sonderabgabe als Instrument des Umweltschutzes, 1991.

Lange, K., Staatliche Steuerung durch offene Zielvorgabe im Lichte der Verfassung, VerwArch., 1991.

Lorentz, H. A. & Einstein, A. & Minkowski, H., Das Relativitätsprinzip, Eine Sammlung von Abhandlung, Leipzig, Teubner, 4. Aufl., 1922.

Maurer, Hartmut, Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht, C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 9. Aufl., 1994.

Mayntz, R., Regulative Politik in der Krise?, in: J. Mattes (Hrsg.), Sozialer Wandel in West Europa, Verhandlungen des 19. Soziologentages, 1979.

Meinberg, V., Strafrechtlicher Umweltschutz in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, NuR, 1991.

von Neumann, John, Zur Theorie der Gesellschaftsspiel, Math. Annalen, vol. 100, 1928.

von Neumann, John, Über ein Ökonomisches Gleichungssystem und eine Verallgemeinerung des Brouwer'schen Fixpunktsatzes, Ergebnisse eines Math. Kolloquiums, vol. 8, 1937.

Offe, C., Rationalitätskriterien und Funktionsprobleme des politisch-administrativen Handeln, Leviethan, 1974.

Offe, C., Die Staatstheorie auf der Suche nach ihrem Gegenstand: Beobachtung zur aktuellen Diskussion, in: Ellwein, T. & Hesse, J. & Mayntz, R. & Scharf, F., Jahrbuch zur Staats- und Verwaltungswissenschaft, Bd. 1, 1987.

Rehbinder, E. & Sprenger, R. U., Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Übertragbarkeit neuer Konzepte der US-amerikanischen Luftreinhaltepolitik in den Bereich der deutschen Umweltpolitik, 1985.

Ritter, E. H., in: Grimm, D. (Hrsg.), Wachsende Staatsaufgaben, sinkende Steuerungsfähigkeit des Rechts, 1990.

Stern, Klaus, Das Staatsrecht des Bundesrepublik Deutschland III/1, 1988.

Teubner, G., Das Regulatorische Trilema. Zur Diskussion und post-instrumentale Rechtsmodelle, ders., Quaderni Fiorentini per la Storia des Penfiero lorideco Moderne, 1984.

Teubner, G., Verrechtlichung --- Begriffe, Merkmale, Grenzen, Auswege, in: Zacher & Simitis & Kübler & Hopt & Teubner (Hrsg.), Verrechtlichung von Wissenschaft, Arbeit und sozialer Solidarität, 1984.

Teubner, G. & Willke, H., Kontext und Autonomie. Gesellschaftliche Selbststeuerung durch reflexives Recht, Zeitschrift für Rechtssoziologie, 1984.

Treiber, H., Regulative Politik in der Krise?, in: ders., Vollzugskosten des Rechtsstaates, 1989.

Wicke, L., Die ökologischen Milliarden: Das kostet die zerstörte Umwelt -- so können wir sie retten, 1986.

Wicke, L., Umweltökonomie, 3. Aufl., 1991.

Wolf, R., Zur Antiqierheit des Rechts in der Risikogesellschaft, Leviathan, 1987.
 
 
 
 
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