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題名：不同類型性罪犯之發展歷程及作案手法研究
作者：范兆興
作者(外文)：FAN CHAO-HSING
校院名稱：中央警察大學
系所名稱：犯罪防治研究所
指導教授：沈勝昂、 廖有祿
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2013
主題關鍵詞：性侵害；作案手法；發展歷程；偏差的性興趣；性攻擊；性罪犯類型；sexual assault；modus operandi；developmental process；deviant sexual interest；sexual aggression；sex offender types
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本研究針對2006年至2010年曾接受過臺北監獄、臺中監獄與高雄監獄，及行政院衛生署嘉南療養院之社區強制治療個案(總計1043人)，針對其強制診療「妨害性自主罪收容人評估報告書」，萃取461名典型個案（兒童性罪犯92位、成人性罪犯190位、亂倫犯30位、猥褻犯131位、輪暴犯18位）。再從個案之成長背景階段、犯罪前階段、實施犯罪階段、犯罪後階段之危險因子，與再犯危險因子關聯性進行分析。
其次，質性研究樣本選取先以行政院衛生署嘉南療養院與臺中監獄已經完成心理衡鑑個案為主，其中成人性罪犯7名、兒童性罪犯5名、亂倫犯6名、猥褻犯5名、輪暴犯5名共計28名個案。研究者請個案主治醫師利用門診(約診)時間，由研究者進行整個訪談，並以筆記快速記錄個案重要關鍵生命事件、作案手法特徵及發展歷程。並與個案之性侵害精神鑑定報告書，所記載個案生命發展史、學校史、職業史、原生家庭互動狀況、犯罪前科記錄、物質濫用史、兵役史、精神疾病史、心性發展史、心理衡鑑及精神科診斷結論等評估資料，兩者相互印證以求正確。預期本研究達成目標如後：
一、 鑑別不同類型性罪犯之作案手法特徵差異。
二、 分析不同類型性罪犯在成長背景環境階段、犯罪前階段、實施犯罪階段、犯罪後階段之發展歷程危險因子與再犯危險因子差異。
三、 本研究結果希望能提供司法與警政機關對於性侵害犯罪偵查、矯正處遇具體可行策略。
本研究經ANOVA或χ2檢定不同類型性罪犯達統計顯著水準的危險因子，如後：
（一） 兒童性罪犯：國中階段與老師關係非常差比率最高、個案接受治療意願比率最低、被專業醫師評估最低治癒率。
（二） 成人性罪犯：個案入監兩年前，常與妻子因溝通問題發生衝突比率最高、被專業醫師評估最高治癒率。
（三） 亂倫犯：犯罪前三個月，曾遭遇性生活挫折與家庭挫折事件比率最高、個案第一次性經驗來源為性犯罪比率最高、作案時有特殊性癖好比率最高。
（四） 猥褻犯：個案童年時期，遭受性侵害負面經驗比率最高、入監兩年前經常與妻子因子女教育理念問題發生衝突比率最高。
（五） 輪暴犯：個案與母親關係非常差比率最高、個案犯罪前七天曾看完色情影片比率最高、主動表示願意接受治療比率最高。
就此，歸納量化研究發現：「成人性罪犯」與「兒童性罪犯」兩者都有不同認知扭曲、情緒困擾、犯案動機的問題。本研究進一步發現「兒童性罪犯」一再有明顯的焦慮、憂鬱、依附關係缺乏、人際技巧等等問題，相對於成人性罪犯的外在化行為(externalizing behavior)問題，「兒童性罪犯」表現出更明顯的心理病理問題。至於，輪暴犯、猥褻犯可能較接近「成人性罪犯」，但是輪暴者年紀都較年輕，因此需要注意此階段(指少年到青年)發展的特殊問題，而猥褻犯則在有較多的社會、心理問題。最後，亂倫犯則較接近「兒童性侵害」，但是亂倫則多較為年長、已婚後才發生，因此需要注意婚姻、家庭的特殊問題
其次，質性研究發現：從訪談28名個案之犯罪動機、作案手法及發展歷程重新分類，依序為(一)犯罪習性型、(二)暴力控制型、(三)親密需求型、(四)物質濫用型及（五）對女性錯誤認知型等五種類型，如後：
（一） 犯罪習性型：共同特徵為偏差性知識來源為色情影片、色情刊物，自我控制不足或會利用權勢威脅被害人就範，且犯案後多會合理化行為；具明顯認知扭曲想法，對被害人同理心不足。
（二） 暴力控制型：共同特徵為情緒控制不佳並以恐嚇或威脅被害人、加以性侵害、取走被害人財物、以及犯案後合理化或淡化行為等，且具有固定犯案模式化之傾向。
（三） 親密需求型：共同特徵為與異性相處有明顯困擾、相處技巧差，而大部分性知識來自於色情片，缺乏正確兩性平權觀念。
（四） 物質濫用型：共同特徵為濫用強力膠、安非他命，導致認知功能下降至輕度到邊緣性智力狀態，多處於有被害妄想狀態。
（五） 對女性錯誤認知型：共同特徵為兩性方面之知識多源於同儕、情色書刊及色情網路資訊，可能導致其缺乏正確之兩性互動觀念、良好技巧。
第三，探討「性侵害犯罪類型」可縮小偵查範圍與提昇犯罪效能，研究者分析五種類型性罪犯之作案手法及發展歷程，提出實務常見偵查與鑑識策略如後：
（一） 先清查轄區列管具有性侵害前科犯之治安顧慮人口。
（二） 調閱案發地點附近周邊路口監視器或民眾自行裝設監視器，過濾可疑人物影像，建立基礎偵查資料庫。
（三） 請求社會局派社工或專業心理諮商人員共同協助偵查，由於被害人心智年齡較低或恐懼情緒、恐怕無法清楚表達案發當時情境、犯嫌如何進行性侵犯行、可能案發地點等重要犯罪情節；因此，藉助專業社工(諮商)人員，讓初步偵查訪談能夠更加順利進行。
（四） 避免被害人錯誤指認，因此第一時間必須確認被害人先到醫療院所進行性侵害證物專業採證。
（五） 建置區域性「性侵害犯罪之鑑識情報知識庫」，針對轄內性侵害前科犯之作案手法等行為跡證、現場勘察報告資料、相關物證鑑識報告，進行系統化歸納分析。
（六） 從許多陌生人間性侵害案件之偵破，鑑識科學(譬如DNA)扮演舉足輕重角色；如此，警政署於2013年8月6日通過組織再造將防治組提升為一級幕僚單位；各縣市警察局之分局亦同時成立防治組，專責婦幼安全之勤務與業務兩大工作，研究者建議將將偵查隊之鑑識人員培訓為家防官，可協助調查、鑑識及建置性侵害加害人的資料庫；又業務部份由防治組之內勤員警辦理定期查訪性加害人監控業務，同時協助性侵被害個案能夠獲得社會局之社工人員協助，建構綿密婦幼安全防護網絡。
最後，本研究由於部分樣本數過少(譬如亂倫犯30位、輪暴犯18位)，導致統計分析部分因子未能達顯著水準，甚至有過度推論的風險。據此，建議日後可以從增加研究樣本數、縮小比較研究樣本數單獨進行統計分析，相信更能突顯不同類型性罪犯在「發展歷程」、「作案手法」的差異。
關鍵字：性侵害、作案手法、發展歷程、偏差的性興趣、性攻擊、性罪犯類型
Abstract
The aim of the current study is using a mixed-methods framework and following Clarke and Cornish’s decision-making model, I organized offenders’ narratives collected during semi-structured interviews into three major phases: (a) offense planning; (b) offense strategies(i.e., use of weapons, vehicles); and (c) post offense strategies(i.e., forensically aware, protect identify).
The current study uses a mixed-methods framework. Data were analyzed in two phases, one quantitative and the other qualitative.
Phase1. This study uses data from a large research project on different types of sex offenders in which psychological and criminological data were collected and examined. All sex offenders incarcerated in the province of Taiwan between 2006 and 2010 were identified and contacted. Information about offenders was gathered using the Computerized Questionnaire for Sexual Aggressors (CQSA) by a criminologist and a clinical psychologist following a semi-structured interview. The CQSA includes information on different aspects of the offender’s life and criminal activities such as correctional information, offense planning, offense strategies, and post-offense factors, attitudes regarding the offense, apprehension, victimology, developmental factors, police records, the victim statements, and forensic diagnostics.
Based on the rational perspective, this study compare the decision making involved in the crime commission process of rapists (n=190), child molesters (n=92), incestuous offenders (n=30), obscene offenders (n=131), and gang rapists (n=18).
Phase2. Following Clarke and Cornish (1985) decision-making model, qualitative responses from various sex offenders were organized into three major areas. In the pre-offense phase, offense planning (i.e., How did you estimate the risks of being apprehended?); in the criminal event phase, offense strategies (i.e., Why did you use this level of force with the victim?); finally, in the post-offense phase, aftermath (i.e., what made you leave the crime scene at this particular moment?).The responses were content analyzed and organized into coherent categories of decision-making rationales.
This study identified offense process scripts in sample of 28 sexual offenders, includes 7 rapists, 5 child molesters, 6 incestuous offenders, 5 obscene offenders, and 5 gang rapists. Interviews were conducted in a private office, isolated from police staff and other inmates. They lasted from 2 to 3 hrs, depending on the number of crimes committed and the participants’ verbosity. Because of the sensitive nature of the conversation, permission was not requested to tape-record the interviews, although extensive verbatim notes were taken.
Results: We sought to identify which developmental factors may help explain why individual become repeated sexual offenders. There was evidence of a range of general developmental risk factors present in the lives of the participants. These key developmental risk variables include childhood experiences of abuse and neglect (sexual, physical and emotional), childhood emotional /behavioral difficulties, insecure attachments to primary caregivers, the use of intoxicants, experienced school failure, and inappropriate sexual behaviors.
Although some meaningful differences were detected between child molesters and rapists, differences between groups on the variables examined were more substantial when versatile and specialist offenders were compared. A distinct group of specialist child molesters emerged. It was agued that the general theory of crime is useful in explaining the rapists who constituted the majority of the sample. It was also proposed that a second, more sexually specific explanation may be necessary to account for the offending behaviors of a much smaller group of specialist child molesters
Conclusion: We suggest that the presence of general risk factors may lead to a variety of negative behavioral outcomes, including the perpetration of child sexual offending. Family factors were strongly related to the perpetration of child sex offending and may be valuable intervention points for interrupting the development of child sex offending. Other potential points for intervention may focus on the development of appropriate social and emotional skills that contribute to sexual offending. Future works must continue to examine distinctions between both types of sex offenders, and between sex offenders and non-offenders to build effective and efficient prevention strategies. Such work will require both researchers and ?providers to collect data on family and childhood variables that are present prior to initiation of sexual offending in order to inform primary prevention strategies.
My results have shown that a larger proportion of child molesters reported problems of substance abuse, perceived rejection, and conjugal difficulties compared to rapists. This result is consistent with Beauregard’s (2012) explanation of child molesters in which it is stated that, in many cases, the use of lethal violence may be because of poor social and interpersonal skills of the offenders. Because of this difficulty of interacting with others, especially with adults, those offenders may target children possibly because they are weak and vulnerable.
The findings may have some implications for the criminal investigation. First, criminal investigators must understand the rationale of this “seemingly irrational” behavior to better infer the type of criminal and to establish proactive strategies that might prevent another sexual assault. Understanding why an offender acted a certain way during a crime may help investigators identify the type of individual responsible for this crime, especially in cases where the offenders were unknown. Second, our results may prove helpful in case linkage analysis. Not only does case linkage benefit from identifying which actions remain consistent from crime to crime, but understanding why sex offenders are choosing specific actions in certain circumstances may help to refine this type of analysis(Beaurgard, et al., 2012).
Limitations and future research: Combining qualitative and quantitative methodologies has proven to be a fruitful strategy to gain a deeper understanding of the decision making of these sex offenders. The finding in this study is limited in two ways. First, we have no way of knowing if our sample is representative. The actual number of sexual offenders remains unknown and we had access only to incarcerated individuals. Also, and more important, is the small sample size of this study. Small samples have been found to render statistical significance harder to reach. The number of nearly significant (p-value between .05and .10) results obtained when comparing the five offender profiles on criminal event variables hints to the possible reduction of power that result from the small size.
Second, this study is based on a relatively small sample of convicted offenders incarcerated in a Taiwan penitentiary. The findings, therefore, may not apply to non-Taiwan sex offenders as well as those who have not been caught by the police and convicted for their crime.
Future studies should be undertaken to replicate our findings. Because of the small size of most studies on sexual offense, a collaborative effort across different research centers and across countries should be considered. Data collection could permit us to increase the number of participants and thus allow for more sophisticated statistical analyses to be carried out.
Key words：sexual assault、modus operandi、developmental process、deviant sexual interest、sexual aggression、sex offender types
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