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題名:高齡者獨立能力與居住安排之區域差異分析
作者:陳靜怡 引用關係
作者(外文):Ching-YiChen
校院名稱:國立成功大學
系所名稱:都市計劃學系碩博士班
指導教授:陳彥仲
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2013
主題關鍵詞:高齡者人口老化獨立能力居住安排標準常態化階層線性模型不連續選擇模型The ElderlyPopulation AgingIndependenceLiving ArrangementsNormalized StandardHierarchical Linear ModelDiscrete Choice Model
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本研究嘗試建立衡量高齡者生活獨立能力指標。首先,以「成功老化」及「活躍老化」為理論基礎,定義高齡者獨立能力之概念。接續,將獨立能力之衡量概念操作化,分別對應至「身體健康」、「心理健康」、「社會支持」與「經濟安全」等四個面向,進行高齡者相對獨立能力之比較。目的為瞭解台灣地區高齡者之相對獨立能力與晚年生活之適應性。其後,透過多元迴歸模型與線性階層模型,探討影響高齡者獨立能力之因素及高齡者之獨立能力是否存在區域差異?並以不連續選擇模型,探討各項獨立能力指標,配偶的健康狀況與子女狀況,對高齡者居住安排之影響。希冀藉由實證研究,瞭解少子化,高齡者在缺乏家庭資源的情況下,高齡者在生活方面之相對獨立能力與居住安排狀況,藉此提出適宜的政策建議,以期維持或改善高齡者晚年生活之適應性與獨立性。各階段所採用之實證資料為2007年「中老年身心社會生活狀況長期追蹤調查」資料。
高齡者獨立能力在常態標準化的相對比較下,經濟安全是高齡者在晚年生活時,相對較不獨立的項目。其次相對不獨立的項目為社會支持,且兩者隨著年齡的增加,不獨立的現象相對嚴重。在影響高齡者獨立能力的解釋變數中,主要以性別、教育程度、就醫路程所需時間、過去一年發生過跌倒與喪偶事件等變數為顯著影響變數。且實證結果也顯示,喪偶與過去一年有過跌倒經驗,顯著影響高齡者之社會與心理健康。因此,改善物理環境,降低高齡者發生意外事件,並鼓勵高齡者積極參與各項活動,將有助於維持高齡者之身心理健康及其獨立能力。依據高齡者平均獨立能力的檢定結果發現,高齡者之平均獨立能力存在縣市差異。在縣市行政資源挹注差異下,愈都市化地區,高齡者之獨立能力愈佳。最後,居住安排狀況之檢定結果則顯示,高齡者之居住安排顯著的受到獨立能力之影響。社經條件愈獨立、高齡者身體、社會支持愈健康者或配偶健康條件愈佳者,愈傾向僅與配偶共居。顯示高齡者較有能力或意願購買個人隱私。除此之外,高齡者之居住安排狀況,主要仍依賴在需要受照顧程度與資源的提供者方面。在討論親子代間的互惠情況方面,仍以父母相對於子女,有較顯著的利他行為。
依據實證結果,本研究建議,維持高齡者退休後的經濟獨立性與社會參與,有助於維持或改善高齡者晚年生活之適應性與獨立性。在少子化下,也有助於高齡者更有能力與意願接受更獨立的居住安排方式。
This research includes three parts. First, this research developed the elder independence indices to realize the living independence and adaptation of the elderly in Taiwan. The purpose was to understand how many of the elderly live relatively independently in their life, in an era of low birth rate. Second, the research gave the suggestions by analyzing the independent determinants of the elderly. The purpose of this part tried to improve or to maintain independence of the elderly. Finally, the study discussed about the living arrangements of the elderly by considering independence of the elderly, spouse’s healthy, and adult children’s situations, and thereby helped understand the elderly personal carer.
This research employed methodologies, including normalized standard Z scores, hierarchical linear model, and discrete choice model. The data used in this study was drawn from the “2007 Survey of Health and Living Status of the Middle Aged and Elderly in Taiwan Survey.”
The findings from the section of the independence of the elderly show that most of the elderly in Taiwan have the problems of economic insecurity, which may worsen as the elderly ages, compared the four indices. Furthermore, the elderly is weaker in social support. In addition, the research also found that there are variations existed in living independence of the elderly between different areas. The elderly in urban areas has better independent ability.
Concerning about the living arrangements, the study shows that the elderly with higher socioeconomic status tends to have higher probabilities of residing at independently living arrangements. On the other hand, the elderly with low socioeconomic status much more relies on coresidence with children, which means that elderly people would value more individual privacy. The elderly with adequate social support or better physical health significantly appears to have higher probability of residing at independent living arrangements. In the meantime, the elderly having healthy spouse tends to have higher probabilities of living in independently living arrangements, which demonstrates that elderly people would accept non-traditional living arrangements, such as coresiding with spouses only. When intergenerational relationship is considered into living arrangements, the elderly still tends to live with their children even though they have poor status, which means that parents show more altruistic behavior to their children.
According to the findings above, an important policy of developing a pension system is recommended to maintain financial independence after the elderly retire and it would benefit the government to respond to an aged society in the near future. The policy and family members should encourage the elderly to continue with social participations, which would be beneficial for them to maintain the living independence and adaptation.
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