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題名：受苦心靈轉變經驗之存在現象學研究
作者：盧怡任 引用關係
作者(外文)：Yi-Jen Lu
校院名稱：國立彰化師範大學
系所名稱：輔導與諮商學系所
指導教授：劉淑慧
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2012
主題關鍵詞：存在現象學；受苦經驗；受苦轉變歷程；現象學心理學；諮商與心理治療；Existential Phenomenology；Experience of Suffering；Transitional Process of Suffering；Phenomenological Psychology；Counseling and Psychotherapy
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對於人類受苦經驗的關注，一直是諮商與心理治療領域的核心議題。面對受苦者，諮商與心理治療的關注焦點為：人類的受苦經驗從何而來，受苦如何維持，以及脫苦的過程為何。對於上述問題，諮商與心理治療中不同理論也各自提出相對應的解釋。本文首先透過諮商與心理治療理論的爬梳與整理，探討不同理論對於人類受苦及轉變經驗的看法，發現：傳統諮商與心理治療理論視心靈為封閉實體，外在世界與內在心靈乃是相互獨立的實體，受苦經驗乃是來自於人無法符應其外在環境。而後現代治療取向視外在現實為個人或社會建構的結果，主流文化的壓迫乃是人類受苦經驗的來源；對於脫苦過程，傳統諮商與心理治療理論重視內在心靈與外在世界如何相互符應，趨於一致。後現代治療取向則強調個人建構意義之轉化，透過主流文化的解構，發展個人的新意義。面對諮商與心理治療中現代與後現代理論取向的分裂，本研究從存在現象學「在世存有」的觀點出發，提出人與世界之「關聯」才是理解受苦及其轉變經驗的適當方式，並以此理解為不同理論取向尋找從經驗出發的接合點。
本研究以存在現象學研究方法，透過三位訪談者在受苦中的訪談，第一次訪談後一年半的再次訪談，以及第二次訪談後再經過半年的第三次訪談，歷時共二年的三次訪談文本，分析受訪者在二年之中的受苦及轉驗經驗，研究結果如下。（一）受訪者之受苦經驗來自對既有處境的拒絕與期望處境的落空，處於既有處境與期望處境之間的斷裂，也讓受訪者困於其中而受苦；（二）在受苦轉變經驗上，受訪者出現下列的九項處境結構：1. 受苦者寓居於原有某種熟悉的世界中；2. 危機事件的出現改變受苦者原有的處境，使世界呈現為對原有籌劃的威脅；3. 在籌劃受威脅的處境下，受苦者仍堅持原有籌劃的實現，世界成為原有籌劃所拒絕的對象；4. 在與現有處境的持續遭逢中，情緒與身體做為工具，讓受苦者反思原有籌劃之可行性以及世界所呈現之意義；5. 面對自己所不熟悉的世界，受苦者需要一套理論做為幫助自己理解世界的工具；6. 受苦者的轉變經驗包括對原有籌劃的「修正」以及對被視為威脅的世界的「接受」；7. 受苦者視轉變經驗為「學習」的過程，此過程包括：（1）對問題產生解決的期望；（2）在現在力求解決過去與未來的矛盾；（3）對自身過去的重新理解與接受；8. 身體與情緒反應作為工具，讓受苦者確認其處境的改變；9. 受苦者已不再固著於先前的受苦經驗，新的處境或新的可能性已開始呈現在受苦者面前，受苦者已將自己投入新的的未來。
本研究除了從諮商與心理治療理論的觀點針對存在現象學對受苦及轉變經驗的存有描述做討論之外，並對諮商實務工作者與未來研究提出建議，也說明本研究之限制。
The concern for human’s experience of suffering has always been a core issue in counseling and psychotherapy. In face of sufferers, the focus of counseling and psychotherapy includes: where does human’s experience of suffering come from? How does it last? What is the process of unsuffering? To answer these questions, various theories of counseling and psychotherapy proposed corresponding explanation. This article browsed and organized theories of counseling and psychotherapy, investigated perspectives of various theories on human suffering and the transformation of such experience, and found: traditional counseling and psychotherapy theories see mind as a self-contained entity, the outer world and the inner mind are separate entities, experience of suffering is due to an individual’s inadaptable to the outer environment. Postmodern therapy approaches view the outer reality as the outcome of an individual or a social construction, and stress from mainstream culture is the cause of human’s experience of suffering. To unsuffering process, traditional counseling and psychotherapy theories emphasize how the inner mind interact with the outer world and reach harmony. Postmodern therapy approaches emphasize the transformation of individual constructionism, the development of new meaning to an individual through deconstruction of mainstream culture. Dealing with the disagreement between midmodern and postmodern counseling and psychotherapy approaches, this study was based on the viewpoint of “being-in-the-world” in Existential Phenomenology to propose that, the appropriate approach to understand suffering and its transitional experience is to find the “relation” between humans and the world. Base on such understanding, then the experience-based connecting points in various theories could be found.
This study used research methods of existential phenomenology to carry out interviews with three interviewees under suffering. The second interview was conducted one and a half years after the first one; the third one was half year after the second one. The total three interviews took two years, which analyzed the interviewees’ suffering and transitional experience. The results showed: (1) the interviewees’ experience of suffering came from their resistance to existing situation and disappointment of expectated one, being on the breaking points of existing and expected situations also caused suffering to the interviewees; (2) in transitional experience of suffering, the interviewees showed the following nine situated structures: 1. the sufferers lived in their existing familiar world; 2. the appearance of crisis changed their current situations, and the world brought a threat to the original project; 3. when the project was under threat, the sufferers still hung on to accomplishment of their original project, the world became the subject rejected by the original project; 4. encountering struggles in existing situation, emotions and bodies were used as tools to allow the sufferers to reflect feasibility of their original project and meaning shown by the world; 5. facing an unfamiliar world, the sufferers needed a theory to help themselves understand the world; 6. sufferers’ transitional experience included “revision” of the original project, and “acceptance” of the world considered a threat by them; 7. the sufferers saw the transitional experience as a “learning” process, which included: (1) wishing to solve the problems; (2) trying to solve the conflicts between the present and the future; (3) re-understanding and accepting their past; 8. using bodies and emotions as tools to allow the sufferers to recognize the changes in situations; 9. The sufferers no long clung to previous suffering experience, new situation or new possibility appeared, and they could start a brand new future.
This study discussed the existing descriptions of existential phenomenology on suffering and transitional experience from the viewpoint of counseling and psychotherapy, and made suggestions to counseling practitioners and future research. Limits of this study was also mentioned.
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