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題名:政黨體系與民主鞏固:台灣與南韓的比較分析
作者:楊以彬
作者(外文):Yang, I Pin
校院名稱:國立政治大學
系所名稱:國家發展研究所
指導教授:曲兆祥
隋杜卿
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2013
主題關鍵詞:政黨體系民主鞏固政黨體系制度化政黨穩定性政黨代表性政黨正當性政黨組織化選舉浮動性
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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  • 點閱點閱:118
本文研究主題,係以歷史制度主義研究途徑來建構、實證和比較台灣與南韓政黨體系與民主鞏固的連結關係與影響程度。研究範圍設定在第三波民主化後的1986年至2012年。為達成預期研究目標,本文引用及修正Mainwaring建構的「政黨體系制度化」四種分析面向與Jones設計的附加測量指標,做為研究架構與比較工具,茲以比較兩國政黨體系制度化的高低程度,從而進行優劣排比,最後分析與評估對於兩國民主鞏固的影響程度及發展條件。
修正後的「政黨體系制度化」四個比較面向分別為:「政黨穩定性」、「政黨代表性」、「政黨正當性」及「政黨組織化」。透過四個比較面向進行實證測量和分析後,歸納後,得出以下幾項重要的研究發現:(一)台灣與南韓政黨體系制度化四個面向的表現各有優劣、互見利弊,但總體表現優於南韓,因此民主鞏固正面發展條件將比南韓更為有利。(二)台灣雖然政黨體系制度化總體表現略優於南韓,但兩國均未達成健全制度化政黨體系,故要有效提升民主鞏固的品質,仍有相當大的改善空間。(三)經過深入研究後,本文認為台灣及南韓政黨體系與民主鞏固存在因果關係,政黨體系制度化的程度也是影響民主鞏固發展的因素之一,但並非是影響民主鞏固因果關係的特定必然條件或單一直接因素。
經由上述三點研究發現,總結以下幾項研究建議:(一)政黨體系制度化的概念內涵分析面向與測量指標,在觀察、分析與比較新興民主國家政黨體系與民主鞏固的因果關係上,雖然有解釋效果與檢證作用,但運用或移植在台灣與南韓的配對比較案例上,受到區域差異化的影響,確定有部份的非相容性及侷限性,因此必須有所修正與調整。(二)要解決台灣及南韓政黨體系制度化不足或缺陷的問題,雖然考驗極大,問題甚多,但現階段建議可由制度面上進行政治改革,包括南韓總統任期可從現行的「五年單任制」修改為「四年兩任制」。台灣與南韓應儘速通過或修改「政黨法」,以健全政黨體系運作的規範。
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(四)會議論文
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(五)博、碩士論文
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林瓊珠,1998,《台灣政黨體系重組之研究:一九九一年至一九九六年》,國立政治大學政治學系碩士論文。
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黃俊達,2001,《台灣新生政黨的發展與策略:以親民黨為例》。東海大學政治學系碩士論文。
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張佑宗,2000,《文化變遷與民主鞏固:台灣民主化經驗的比較觀》。國立政治大學政治學系博士論文。new window
張孝評,2001,《轉型、鞏固與深化—台灣民主化的分析》。國立政治大學中山人文社會科學研究所碩士論文。
劉玉玲,2002,《台灣地區政黨政治之發展—黨際及黨內民主之探索》。國立成功大學政治經濟學研究所碩士論文。
蘇子喬,2007,《台灣憲政體制的變遷軌跡(1991-2006)-歷史制度論的分析》。國立政治大學政治學系博士論文。new window
(六)報刊
Lucian W. Pye(白魯洵),〈改革與重建的年代〉,聯合報,1988年7月19日,第2版。
李明,〈南韓割裂了,女總統準備好了?〉。聯合報,2012年12月20日,第21版。
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(八)網路資料
楊以彬,2007,〈盧武鉉籲修憲,有改革正當性〉,《今日新聞網》,2007年1月19日,http://www.nownews.com/2007/01/19/91-2042799.htm.
〈韓國文化_行政區域〉,《世宗韓語文化苑 學韓語首選世宗》,2011年10月14日,http://sjkorean.pixnet.net/blog/post/234821042-%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B
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二、英文部份
(一)專書
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──────────, 2003, Elite and Political Power in South Korea. Cheltenham and Northampton, UK: Edward Elgar.
Babbie, Earl R., 1994, The Practice of Social Research, 7th. Belmont, CA: Wadaworth Publishing Company.
Ball, Alan R., 1982, Modern Politics and Government. London : Macmillan Press.
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Bartolini, Stefano and Peter Mair, 1990, Identity, Competition, and Electoral Availability: The Stabilization of the European Electorate,1885-1985. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bedeski, Robert E., 1994, The Transformation of South Korea: Reform and Reconstitution in the Six Republic under Roh Tae Woo, 1987-1992. New York: Routledge.
Belin, Laura and Robert W. Orttung, 1997, The Russian Parliamentary Election of 1995: The Battle for The Duma. New York: M. E. Sharpe.
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Birch, Sarah, 2003, Electoral Systems and Political Transformation in Post-Communist Europe. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Birnir, Jóhanna Kristín, 2007, Ethnicity and electoral politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bosco, Anna and Leonardo Morlino, 2006, Party Change in Southern Europe. London:Routledge.
Brazinski, Gregg, 2007, Nation Building in South Korea: Koreans, Americans, and the Making of a Democracy. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press.
Bryman, Alan, 2001, Social Research Methods. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bruhn, Kathleen, 1997, Taking on Goliath: The Emergence of a New Left Party and the Struggle for Democracy in Mexico. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Campbell, Angus, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller and Donald E. Stokes , 1960, The American Voter. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Clarke, Paul B. and Joe Fowerake(eds.), 2001, Encyclopedia of Democratic Thought. New York:Rouledge.
Clifford, Mark L.,1998, Troubled Tiger: Businessmen, Bureaucrats, and General in South Korea. New York: M. E. Sharpe.
Chalmers, Douglas, 1964, The Social Democratic Party of Germany: From Working Class Movement to Modern Political Party. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Chhibber, Pradeep K. and Ken Kollman, 2004, The Formation of National Party Systems: Federalism and Party Competition in Canada, Great Britain, India, and the United States. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
────────────, 2001, Democracy without associations: Transformation of the party system and social cleavages in India. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Cho, Myung-Rae, 1991, Political Economy of Regional Differentiation: The State, Accumulation and the Regional Question. Seoul: Hanel Academy Publishing.
Choi, Jang Jip, 2005, Democracy after Democratization: The Korean Experience. Seoul: Humanitas.
Crewe, Ivor and David Denver (eds.), 1985, Electoral Change in Western Democracies: Patterns and Sources of Electoral Volatility. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Crisp, Brian F., 2000. Democratic Institutional Design: The Powers and Incentives of Venezuelan Politicians and Interest Groups. Santa Clara, CA: Stanford University Press.
Cohen, Marc J., 1988, Taiwan at the Crossroads: Human Rights, Political Development and Social Change on the Beautiful Island. Washington, DC: Asia Resources Centre.
Collier, Ruth Berinsand David Collier, 1991, Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Cox, Gary , 1987, The Efficient Secret. New York: Cambridge University Press.
──────, 1997, Making Votes Count. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cumings, Bruce, 1981, The Origins of the Korean War: Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945-1947. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
──────────, 1997, Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W.W. Norton.
Daalder, Hans and Peter Mair, 1983, Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Dahl, Robert A., 1967, Pluralist Democracy in the United States. Chicago, IL: Rand   McNally.
─────────, 1972, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Dalton, Russell J., 1988, Citizen Politics in Western Democracies. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers.
───────────, Yun-han Chu and Doh Chull Shin, 2008, Party Politics in East Asia: Citizens, Elections, and Democratic Development. Boulde, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Day, Alan and Henry W. Degenhardt, 1988, Political Parties of the World. Letchworth, NY: Longman.
Di Palma, Giuseppe, 1990, To Craft democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Diamond, Larry, 1999, Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Dickson, Bruce J., 1997, Democratization in China and Taiwan: The Adaptability of Leninist Parties. Clarendon Press, New York : Oxford University Press.
Disch, Lisa Jane, 2002, The Tyranny of the Two-Party System. New York: Columbia University Press.
Doorenspleet, Renske, 2005, Democratic Transitions: Exploring the Structural Sources of the Fourth Wave. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Downs, Anthony, 1957, An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Haper and Row.
Duverger, Maurice, 1954, Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Elgie, Robert, 2008, Semi-Presidentialism: An Increasingly Common Constitutional Choice. Taipei : Institute of Political Science, Academia Sinica.
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Fell, Dafydd, 2005, Party Politics in Taiwan: Party Change and the Democratic Evolution of Taiwan, 1991-2004. London: Routledge.
Enelow, James and Hinich, Melvin, 1984, The Spatial Theory of Voting: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Epstein, Leon D., 1980, Political Parties in Western Democracies. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
Fukui, Haruhiro, 1985, Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Gallagher, Michael, Michael Laver and Peter Mair, 2006, Representative Government in Modern Europe: Institutions, Parties, and Governments, Fourth edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Geddes, Barbara and Erica Frantz, 2007, The Effect of Dictatorships on Party Systems in Latin America. Los Angeles, CA: Unpublished manuscript, University of California,
Haggard, Stephan, 1990, Pathways from the Periphery: The Politics of Growth in the Newly Industrializing Countries. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
─────────── and Robert Kaufman, 1995, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hague, Rod, Martin Harrop and Shaun Breslin(eds.), 1994, Comparative Government and Political. London: MacMillian Press.
Han, Sung-Joo, 1974, The Failure of Democracy in South Korea. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
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Hicken, Allen , 2009, Building Party Systems in Developing Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Higley, John and Richard Gunther, 1992, Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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─────────────, 1991, The Third Waves: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Hutchcraft, Paul, 1998, Booty Capitalism: The Politics of Banking in the Philippines. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
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Kim, Djun Kil, 2005, The history of Korea. Westport, CO: Greenwood Press.
Kim, Hyung-A, 2004, Korea's Development Under Park Chung-Hee: Rapid Industrialization, 1961-1979. London: Routledge-Curzon.
Kim, Sun-Hyuk, 2000, The Politics of Democratization in Korea: The Role of Civil Society. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Kitschelt, Herbert, Zdenka Mansfeldova, Radoslaw Markowski and Gábor Tóka, 1999, Post-Communist Party Systems. Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party Cooperation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
───────────, Kirk A. Hawkins, Juan Pablo Luna, Guillermo Rosas and Elizabeth J. Zechmeister, 2010, Latin American Party Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Krupavicius, Algis, 1999, Party Systems in Central East Europe: Dimensions of System Stability. Glasgow, UK: Centre for the Study of Public Policy, University of Strathclyde.
Landman, Todd, 2000, Issues and Methods in Comparative Politics. London: Routledge.
Lane, Jan-Erik and Svante. Ersson, 1994, Politics and Society in Western European. London: Sage.
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Lee, Man-woo, 1990, The Odyssey of Korean Democracy. New York: Praeger.
Lerman, Arthur J., 1978, Taiwan's Politics: The Provincial Assemblyman's World. Washington, DC: University Press of America.
Lewis, David S. and Darren J. Sagar, 1992, Political Parties of Asia &; the Pacific. A Reference Guide. New York: Longman.
Lichbach, Mark Irving and Alan S. Zuckerman(eds.), 1997, Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture and Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Lijphart, Arend, 1984, Democracy: Pattern of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-one Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
───────── and Carlos H. Waisman(eds.), 1996, Institutional Design in New Democracies: Eastern Europe and Latin America. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
─────────, 1999, Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Lim, Yang-taek, 2000, Korea in the 21st century. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Linz, Juan J.and Alfred Stepan, 1996c. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
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Mainwaring, Scott, 1999, Rethinking Party Systems in the Third Waves of Democratization. Santa Clara, CA: Stanford University Press.
Mair, Peter, 1997, Party System Change: Approaches and Interpretations. New York: Oxford University Press.
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Mény, Yves, 1990, Government and Politics in Western Europe. New York: Oxford University Press.
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Monshipouri, Mahmood, 1995, Democratization , Liberalization &; Human Rights in the Third World. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. Publishers.
Morlino, Leonardo, 1998, Democracy between Consolidation and Crisis: Parties, Groups and Citizens in Southern Europe. New York: Oxford University Press.
Nam, koon Woo, 1989, South Korea Politics: The Search for Political Consensus and Stability. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
Namn, Andrew, 1993, Korean Tradition and Transformation: A History of the Korean People. Seoul: Hollym Corporation.
Norris, Pippa, 2004, Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
North, Douglass C., 1991, Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. New York: Cambridge University Press.
O'Donnell, Guillermo A., 1973, Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics. Berkeley, CA: Institute of International Studies, University of California.
─────────────── and Philippe C. Schmitter, 1986, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
───────────────, 1999, Counterpoints: Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
Oh, John Kie-chiang, 1999, Korean Politics: The Quest for Democratization and Economic Development. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Olsen, Edward A. 2005. Korea, the divided nation. Westport, CO: Praeger Security International.
Ostrom, Vincent, 1991. The Meaning of American Federalism: Constituting a Self-Governing Society. San Francisco, CA: Institute for Contemporary Studies Press.
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Patton, Michael Q., 1990, Qualitative Evalutation and Research Methods, 2th. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
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───────────, 2005, Designing Democracy: EU Enlargement and Regime Change in Post-Communist Europe. Basingtoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Przeworski, Adam, 1985, Capitalism and Social Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
─────────── and John Sprague, 1986, Paper Stones: A History of Electoral Socialism. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
───────────, 1991, Democracy and the Market; Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. New York: Cambridge University.
───────────, 2000, Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Material Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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─────────────, 1982, Contemporary Democracies: Participation, Stability and Violence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
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───────── and Neil Munro, 2003, Elections and Parties in New EuropeanDemocracies. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
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Selznick, Philip and Leonard Broom, 1955, Sociology: A Text with Adapted Readings. New York: Harper &; Row publishers.
─────────, 1957, Leadership in Administration: A Sociological Interpretation. New York: Harper &; Row publishers.
Shear, Daniel and John C. Green, 1996, The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties. Boulder, CO: Rowman and Lit-tlefield.
Shin, Doh Chull, 1999, Mass Politics and Culture in Democratizing Korea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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───────────── and Martin P. Wattenberg, 2001, Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?. New York: Oxford University Press.
Siaroff, Alan, 2000, Comparative European Party Systems. An Analysis of Parliamentary Elections since 1945. New York: Sage.
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Sjöblom, Gunnar, 1968, Party Strategies in a Multiparty System. Lund, Sweden: Student Litteratur.
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───────────, 2005, Transforming Korea Politics: Democracy, Reform, and Culture. New York: M.E. Sharpe. Inc.
(二)專書中的論文
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Basedau, Matthias, 2007, “Do Party Systems Matter for Democracy?.” in Votes, Money and Violenc,edited by Matthias Basedau, Gero Erdmann and Andreas Mehler. Uppsala, Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. Pp.105-143.
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─────────, 1966b, “Some Explanations.” in Political Oppositions in Western Democracies, edited by Robert A.Dahl. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Pp. 348-386.
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─────────, Juan J. Linz and Seymour Martin Lipset, 1989b, “Introduction.” in Democracy in Developing Countries:Latin America,edited by Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz and Seymour Martin Lipset. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. Pp.1-58.
───────── and Doh Chull Shin, 2000a, “Introduction: Institutional Reform and    Democratic Consolidation in Korea.” in Institutional Reform and Democratic  Consolidation in Korea, edited by Larry Diamond and Doh Chull Shin. Santa Clara, CA: Hoover Institution Press. Pp. 1-41.
─────────, 2000b, “The End of the Third Waves and the Start of the Fourth.” in The Democratic Invention, edited by Narc F. Plattner and Joao Carlos Espada. Baltimore, MD : Johns Hopkins University Press. Pp. 13-33.
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Erdmann, Gero Matthias Basedau and Andreas Mehler, 2007, “Introduction: Research on Electoral Systems, Parties and Party Systems in Africa.” in Votes, Money and Violenc, edited by Matthias Basedau, Gero Erdmann and Andreas Mehler. Uppsala, Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. Pp.7-20.
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(四)會議論文
Bae, Jin-seok, 2003, “Why Not Organization? Toward a Definition of Party Institutionalization.” presented for the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association. the 61th National Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association. Chicago, IL, April 7-10, 2003.
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Jones, Mark P., 2005, “Political Party and Party System Institutionalization and Salient Partisan Cleavages in Latin America.” presented for the 63th National Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association. Chicago, IL, April 7-10, 2005.
─────────, 2007, “Political Parties and Party Systems in Latin America.” Presented for the conference on Prospects for Democracy in Latin America. Denton, TE: University of North Texas, April 5-6, 2007. Pp.1-28.
Kim, Young- rae and Sang Shin Park, 2009, “The Reform of Electoral System and the Change of Party System in Korea.” Presented for International Conference on Elections in Taiwan, Japan, and Korea under the Mixed-Member Electoral Systems. Taipei: Election Study Center at National Chengchi University, May 24, 2009.
Lupu, Noam, 2008, “Nationalisation and Party Institutionalization in Twentieth-Century Argentina.” Presented for the Conference on Party-System Institutionalization in Latin America. Barcelona: The Barcelona Centre for International Studies, November 20-21, 2008.
Norris, Pippa, 2002, “Electoral Reform and Fragmented Multipartyism. The Mechanical and PsychologicalEffects of Electoral Systems on Party Systems.” Presented for International Conference Political Reform in Brazil in Comparative Perspective. Ipanema, Brazil, June 27-28, 2002.
Park, Chan-wook, 2009, “Adopation of the Two-Vote Mixed- Member Majoritarian System and Its Effects on Citizens’ Voting Behavior in the Korean National Assembly Election.” Presented for International Conference on Elections in Taiwan, Japan, and Korea under the Mixed-Member Electoral Systems. Taipei: Election Study Center at National Chengchi University. May 24, 2009.
Park, Chong-min, 2009, “Citizen Views of Qualaity of Democracy in South Lorea: Dimensions and Patterns.” Presented for International Conference on the Logic of Civil Society in New Democracues: East Asia and East Europe. Taipei: Institute of Political Science, Academia Sinica. June 6-7, 2009.
Quinones-Reyes, Clemente, 2012, “Impact of Institutionalization of Party Systems, Electoral Rules, and Economic Factors on Political Representation in Latin America.” Presented for the 2012 APSA Annual Meeting New Orleans, LA:American Political Science Association, August 30-September 2, 2012.
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Yum, Ong-chul, 2009, “A Study on Korea’s Local Political Politics and Analyses on Its Relation with Central Political Parties.” Presented for International Conference on Elections in Taiwan, Japan, and Korea under the Mixed-Member Electoral Systems. Taipei: Election Study Center at National Chengchi University, May 24, 2009.
(五)博、碩士論文
Park, Kwang-joo, 1983, Student Activism in a Praetorian Society: A Korean Case. Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin.
Park, Youn-ho, 1988, State, Sosiety, and Authoritarian Development: The Case of Korea. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of Cinncinnate.
(六)網路資料
Kim, Nadejda, 2009, “Regionalism and Political Institutions in South Korea Towards democratic consolidation.” Pp.1-48, http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=dow
nload OId=1473798&;fileOId=1473812.
Kim, Sunhyuk, 2012, “Democracy, Civil Society, and Popular Protest in South Korea.” January 31, 2012, http://cajs.tsukuba.ac.jp/Democracy(Tsukuba) .pdf.
National Election Commission, June 3, 2009, http://www.nec.go.kr/english/overview/ offices_turnout01.html.
Hicken, Allen, 2010, “Party and Party System Institutionalization in the Philippines.” Pp. 1-27, http://philippineculture.ph/filer/Hicken.Philippines. pdf.
Wong, Joseph, 2010, “Transition and Uncertainty in Democratic Korea.” July 14, 2010, Pp. 1-23, http://www.mcgill.ca/files/isid/Wong.Korea.pdf.


 
 
 
 
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