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題名:台灣女性所得與家戶經濟分配效果,1980-2013
作者:林怡婷
作者(外文):LIN, YI-TING
校院名稱:國立中正大學
系所名稱:社會福利學系暨研究所
指導教授:王德睦
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2015
主題關鍵詞:女性就業貧窮所得分配women's Employmentpovertyincome distribution
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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女性經濟地位的轉變為過去卅年來最重要的社會變遷之一。台灣近年來由於產業外移及低薪困境,男性難以再由市場上獲得一份足以養家的薪資;相反的,女性勞動參與及經常性薪資提高,使得女性所得對於家庭經濟福祉的重要性與日俱增。然而,過去台灣文獻對於女性勞動參與的關注,多集中於研究女性就業型態及決定因素,較少研究聚焦女性勞參的後果:亦即女性市場所得對台灣家庭經濟分配的影響。
因此,本文欲使用1980、1989、1999、2007及2013年行政院主計處家庭收支調查之原始資料,探究台灣女性市場所得在80年代、90年代及2008年金融危機前、後對家戶貧窮率以及家戶所得分配的影響。將檢視各年度家庭所得在:一、女性市場所得為零的狀況下;二,女性市場所得維持在基準年的水準及分配下,台灣家庭所得不均度的變化。最後,模擬女性就業率提升至60%時,台灣貧戶率及家庭所得不均度的變化,以了解女性所得對家庭經濟福祉的影響。本文使用Reed等學者提出的保留順序法(rank-preserving)來控制女性所得維持在基準年不變。此法優點是可以納入所有家庭型態,並可觀察女性所得在不同所得位階產生的影響。
研究發現,無論哪一個年度低所得家庭中的女性就業率皆約75%,顯示台灣低所得家庭中的女性為維持家庭起碼生計,只要有機會便會投入勞動市場。此外,女性就業率隨著家庭收入提高遞減,顯示台灣女性就業仍具補充性質,雖然此特性已逐年減弱;而一般認為的男主外、女主內的男性養家模式,在分析的年度中未曾超過半數,反而是「平等互賴」的家庭比重在1989年時,就已超越僅男性就業的男性養家模式,成為最主要的類型,並在1999年已經超過半數。
而這些就業女性的市場所得,就單年度來看,不僅使整體貧窮率大幅下降六成以上,對雙養家家庭而言,女性所得更是不可或缺的所得來源。且女性市場所得的變動趨勢,至今仍持續有助於降低貧窮率,但值得注意的是,女性就業率持續上升的同時,女性所得的減貧效果卻有減少的趨勢。而女性所得不只降低貧窮率,同時也抑制台灣家庭所得不均度惡化。最後,女性就業率提高至60%後,無論是在市場邏輯亦或育兒分攤政策僅能使貧窮率微幅下降,原因在於新增的就業機會,絕大多數落在無經濟困境的中所得以上家庭的婦女手中。
The increasing female labor participation rate in Taiwan has drawn a lot of attention both academically and practically. The objective of this study is to move the focus away from studying the pattern and the factors on female employment rate and direct it toward measuring the consequences of the increasing female employment on household economic wellbeing in Taiwan. Using the "rank-preserving" simulation method on 1980, 1989, 1999, 2007 and 2013 Family Income and Expenditure Survey, this study examined the impact of women's market income on household poverty rate and household income distribution. This study also estimated the impact on poverty of moving towards the target of 60 percent of the working-age female into work.
The findings indicate that women’s market income have played important role in poverty reduction and changes in the level and distribution of female income have also reduced the incidence of poverty and family income inequality. This study also shows that growth of female employment does not necessarily result in lower poverty rate and the extent to which the growth of employment on poverty depends on where in the overall income distribution the newly employed women end up.
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