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題名：運動團隊默契的概念化、測量發展與概念檢驗
作者：沈緯鈞
作者(外文)：Wei-Jiun Shen
校院名稱：國立體育大學
系所名稱：體育研究所
指導教授：廖主民
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2015
主題關鍵詞：內隱協調；社會認知；團隊動力學；implicit coordination；social cognition；group dynamics
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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本系列研究旨於探討運動團隊默契。在第一個階段中，本研究以教練 (4女5男，平均年紀為43.00歲，標準差為9.51歲) 及運動員 (6女3男，平均年紀為21.86歲，標準差為1.25歲) 的觀點為基礎，將運動團隊默契概念化為，運動員以三種共享認知成分為基礎：正確的任務知識、能力評價與情緒覺察，產生內隱協調的動態歷程。在第二個階段中，本研究依據運動員的兩種直接知覺：評估自己以及評估隊友，和兩種後設知覺：知覺隊友評估自己和知覺隊友評估她/他自己在三種共享成分的知覺，來發展運動團隊默契量表，探索性因素分析與項目分析支持了運動團隊默契量表的因素結構與題項適切性 (73女124男，平均年紀為19.79歲，標準差為1.28歲)，驗證性因素分析與效標關聯檢驗進一步支持了運動團隊默契量表的建構效度與效標關聯效度 (139女226男，平均年紀為20.30歲，標準差為2.08歲)。最後，在第三個階段，本研究檢視運動團隊默契的潛在個人、團隊與情境層次的前置因子、運動團隊默契以及認知、情意與行為結果之間的關係，來確認運動團隊默契的概念有效性 (274女532男，平均年紀為20.03歲，標準差為1.43歲)，其中，前置因子包含運動員的可教導性、團隊溝通 (包含接納行為、獨特行為、正向與負向衝突) 以及精熟氣候，結果則為集體效能、滿意度與運動表現。此外，本研究亦透過中介關係的檢驗來確認運動團隊默契在團隊運作歷程中所扮演的中介角色。另一方面，在測量上，本研究也以直接與後設知覺的線性組合所形成團隊對我以及對隊友在三種共享認知成分的兩種評估來反應團隊層次的默契知覺。路徑分析結果顯示，精熟氣候與接納行為可正向預測六種線性組合的運動團隊默契；獨特行為則可正向預測團隊認為我有正確的任務知識與能力評價，以及團隊認為隊友有正確的任務知識；正向衝突則可正向預測團隊認為我與隊友有正確的能力評價；負向衝突則可負向預測團隊認為我與隊友有正確的任務知識與能力評價；可教導性則可正向預測團隊認為我與隊友有正確的任務知識與能力評價。對結果的預測方面，六種六種線性組合的運動團隊默契可正向預測集體效能與名次，團隊認為我與隊友有正確的任務知識，以及團隊認為我有正確的情緒覺察可正向預測滿意度，團隊認為我與隊友有正確的能力評價則負向預測滿意度。最後，中介分析檢驗大致顯示，六種線性組合的運動團隊默契為前置因子與結果因子之間的中介因子。整體而言，經一系列的檢驗，本研究確認了運動團隊默契的內涵、發展了有效的測量工具，並為概念的有效性提供初步的證據，期望未來能投入更多的研究，以建立更完整的理論架構，為運動團隊默契的運作機制提供更全面性且具實證基礎的瞭解。
This series of study aimed to explore mo-chi in athletic teams. The first study, according to coaches’ (4 female 5 male, Mage=43.00, SD=9.51) and athletes’ (6 female 3 male, Mage=21.86, SD=1.25) perspectives, conceptualized mo-chi as a dynamics process in which group members coordinate implicitly based on three shared cognitive components: accurate task knowledge, evaluation of each other’s ability, and emotional evaluation of each other. In order to validly reflect the interdependent nature of the three shared cognitive components of mo-chi, the second study developed the mo-chi scale for sport teams (TMSST) which assesses mo-chi based on two direct perceptions (self-perception and other-perception) and two meta-perceptions (relation-inferred self-perception and estimations of teammate’s self-perception). The exploratory factor analysis and item analysis (73 female 124 male, Mage=19.79, SD=1.28) supported the factor structure and item appropriateness of TMSST, and the confirmatory factor analysis and criterion-related examination (139 female 226 male, Mage=20.30, SD=2.08) provided further supportive evidence of psychometric properties of TMSST. In order to confirm whether mo-chi is a valid psychological concept, the third study (274 female 532 male, Mage=20.03, SD=1.43) examined the relationship among mo-chi and its personal, team-related and situational antecedences and cognitive, affeactive and behavioral outcomes. In addition, the third study also examined the mediated effect of mo-chi on the relationship between antecedence and outcome to identify the mechanism of mo-chi in team operation process. The antecedence is comprised of mastery climate, team communication (including acceptance, distinctiveness, positive conflict and negative conflict), as well as athlete’s coachability, and the outcome consisted of collective efficacy, satisfaction, and sport performance. Furthermore, the last study applied six linear combinations (summed socres of self perception and relation-inferred self-perception; other perception and estimations of teammate’s self-perception, on three shared cognitive components) to represent 2 team level perceptions of mo-chi: team’s evaluation on me and team’s evaluation on teammates. It was found that mastery climate and acceptance positively predicted six linear combinations of mo-chi; distinctiveness positively predicted team’s evaluation on my task knowledge and ability, and the team’s evaluation on my teammate’s task knowledge; positive conflict positively predicted team’s evaluation on my and my teammate’s ability, while negative conflict negatively predicted team’s evaluation on my and my teammate’s task knowledge and aility; and coachability positively predicted team’s evaluation on my and my teammate’s task knowledge and aility. The result aslo showed the positive predictive effect from six linear combinations of mo-chi to collective efficacy, and the satisfaction was positively predicted by team’s evaluation on my accurate emotional awareness, as well as on my and my teammate’s task knowledge, and negatively predicted by team’s evaluation on my and my teammate’s ability. In addition, mediated effect of mo-chi on the relations from its antecedences to outcomes was supported. In general, present series of study explored the nature of mo-chi in athletic teams, developed a valid measurement, as well as provided a preliminary evidence of concept validity of mo-chi. Further researches are certainly warranted to establish solider, more complete and empirical-supportive theoretical framework of mo-chi.
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