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題名:論自然災害之國際人道援助法制建構
作者:許慧瑩
作者(外文):Huei-Ying Shiu
校院名稱:臺灣大學
系所名稱:國家發展研究所
指導教授:羅昌發
陳顯武
劉尚志
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2014
主題關鍵詞:人道援助自然災害國際人道法國際環境法國際人權法humanitarian assistancenatural disasterinternational humanitarian lawinternational environmental lawinternational human rights law
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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檢視自然災害之國際人道援助法制發展歷史脈絡,自1927年國際災害救援聯盟(International Relief Union)研議失敗後,歷經2004年南亞海嘯、2010年海地地震、2011年日本海嘯、2015年尼泊爾大地震等震驚世界之災難,迄今仍僅有1998年坦佩雷公約(Tampere Convention)為唯一關於災害之全球公約。相對於貿易、戰爭等事務,國際法於法學理論及國際公約均有蓬勃發展,自然災害於國際法迄今尚未形成獨立學門。傳統上,各國主權以「不干涉原則」為主軸發展,原則上各國內國事務由各國自行處理,其他國家不得干預。因自然災害發生,受災國家的主權是否應某程度受到限縮,以提供受自然災害影響的人民權利得以保障、國際間針對受自然災害影響人民是否有國際合作義務,目前國際法均不明確。
然而,從2004年南亞海嘯、2011年日本海嘯到2015年尼泊爾大地震,國際社會見證災難無國界,即便先進如日本亦因災害重創,需要國際援助。而2015年尼泊爾大地震,先天地理位置卻屬容易招致自然災害之國家,而該國原本經濟發展有限,多種族問題及位處國際社會戰略位置,固然需要大量國際社會援助,卻僅能靠國際社會道德力量發起各類救援、且無相關國際規則可供明確參酌與依循,使得國際人道援助資訊難以透明流通、事權亦難以統一,各國援助力量難以極大化。身處災難頻仍的世紀,全人類文明的延續與發揚,有賴匯聚全人類共同的勇氣與決心。而國際法學界對於如何因應巨災擘畫因應之道,實肩負神聖使命。無論對於國際和平或人類永續發展,國際法學界不論對於核武器管制、武裝衝突、氣候變遷、公眾衛生等領域,業有國際核能法制、國際人道法、國際環境法、國際衛生法等領域。然而,對於自然災害之國際人道援助,因國際法不干涉原則適用於自然災害人道援助界線不明、現有各國際法部門別下之各國際規範對處理人道援助之界線不明、自然災害國際人道援助整體國際規範及整合機制欠缺,因應1927年國際災害救援聯盟迄今大不相同之世界情勢,國際法學界對於自然災害之國際人道援助策略與因應之道,應隨之進行調整。
回顧學界過去對自然災害之國際人道援助研究,或從科學、政治學、社會學、公共行政學等角度對於自然災害議題縱剖橫切,或從法學界對於災害議題自內國憲法、行政法之緊急命令權與法治國原則開展評析,而國際法學界或從既有之國際環境法、國際人道法、國際難民法、國際人權法等角度墊基立論,探討自然災害對於國際法學界之意涵,惟自然災害之國際人道援助議題之特殊性,以既有國際法架構難以尋得妥速理路。相應於此,本研究為尋求妥適析論自然災害之國際人道援助法制解釋理論,發展「援助國與受援助國自然災害之國際人道援助義務」論述,自現行國際法下援助國與被援助國義務之欠缺及其衍生問題,以「人類安全」、「效率」、「正義」為援助國與受援助國自然災害之國際人道援助義務之三大正當化基礎,試圖初步探尋援助國與受援助國於災害預防、應變、重建階段之不同側重重點與內涵。以此國際法新義務之探索為背景,作為自然災害之國際人道援助法制構作基礎,並據以構思全球自然災害國際人道援助綱要公約內容架構。
本論文以自然災害之國際人道援助法制建構為探討議題,研究發現如下:(一)釐清自然災害概念:既有國際法文件雖有初步針對自然災害進行定義,然而概念內涵或涵蓋過廣或未能整全涵蓋自然災害範圍,本論文參酌慕尼黑再保險公司關於各類自然災害定義、並減除其他已有個別部門國際法規範之自然災害,劃定「自然災害之國際人道援助法制」之範圍;(二)系統性檢視自然災害國際人道援助議題:關於自然災害之國際人道援助法制,雖有相關文獻進行初步研析,但國內尚未有系統性、全面性檢視自然災害國際人道援助議題之博士論文。本文歸納:當前國際法不干涉原則適用於自然災害人道援助界線不明、現行部門別下之各國際規範對處理人道援助之界線不明、自然災害國際人道援助於部門別國際法、整體國際規範及整合機制之欠缺,成為自然災害之國際人道援助法制建構挑戰;(三)自然災害國際人道援助具有全球性架構需求,應研擬「全球自然災害國際人道援助公約」:基於援助國與受援助國國際援助義務,本文論述自然災害國際人道援助全球性架構需求及其基本原則,並初步形塑援助國與受援助國國際援助義務具體化內容。本論文區分自然災害預防階段、應變階段、重建階段詳敘援助國與被援助國有關人道援助義務於不同階段之具體化內容。對於援助國與受援助國自然災害國際人道援助義務於不同階段內涵,本文以為於預防階段核心原則為「防護能力建立」,「資訊交換之義務」、「技術提供之義務」、「以災害預防之考量進行國土規劃之義務」為重要內涵;於應變階段核心原則為「國際協調機制之建立及配合義務」,「管制之機動調整義務」為落實自然災害國際救援之重點;於重建階段核心原則為「國家重建與人民生活之恢復」,「提供受災人民發展資源之義務」(例如金融援助、基礎及民生建設之協助)甚為關鍵。本研究作為自然災害之國際人道援助法制探索性研究,希冀透過系統性耙梳與思考架構整理,提供後續災害相關研究的參考。
Natural disasters are devastating and affect multiple countries. The Indian Ocean Tsunami occurred on December 24, 2004 killing 165,708 people and affected 532,898 people. Its affect extended to twelve countries in South Asia and East Africa. After the Indian Ocean Tsunami, the international law scholars and practitioners begin to reflect the role of international law in the event of natural disasters. Frustration mounts over relief effort after the Japanese Tohoku earthquake in 2011 and the Nepal earthquake in 2015 further deepen the concern for the development of international norms applicable in the field of natural disasters.
This dissertation discusses the possibility and desirability of the establishment of international humanitarian assistance norms in the field of natural disasters. It analyzes how the current multilateral protection of persons in the event of disasters has limitations. It also provides reasons for the global community to initiate a Framework Convention on International Humanitarian Assistance in Natural Disasters as a vehicle to enhance disaster resilience and elaborates trends and challenges. The dissertation suggests certain elements of natural disaster relief mechanism should be included under the Framework Convention on International Humanitarian Assistance in Natural Disasters. It argues that Framework Convention on International Humanitarian Assistance in Natural Disasters should be formulated by international community is adequate and necessary based on two perspectives. The first perspective is the growing disaster risks and the corresponding international trends. For example, the EU countries have noticed that there should be cooperation in the field of natural disasters, and the ASEAN countries and the Caribbean countries even develop binding legal framework for enhancing cooperation. The second perspective is the theoretical foundation of the establishment of international humanitarian assistance norms in the field of natural disasters. It argues that strengthening global cooperation through Framework Convention on International Humanitarian Assistance in Natural Disasters to enhance natural disaster resilience have sound foundations based on human development and human rights. International humanitarian assistance norms in the field of natural disasters is an emerging issue for the international legal academy to further explore. The way of shaping International humanitarian assistance norms still needs much discussion and debate. Since current multilateral protection of persons in the event of disasters have their limitations, it is a good time to consider the desirability and importance of global cooperation and to recognize the possibility of having global natural disaster relief mechanisms. This dissertation is of the view that a proper risk management for natural disaster will enhance human development in the long run and attain the goal of sustainable development for the international community.
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蔡哲維(2012)。《歐盟對外之人道援助:以金錢、NGO、軍事援助為例》,國防大學戰略研究所碩士論文。
曾榮傑(2011)。《海地震災與國際人道援助-兼論中華民國的作法》,政治大學外交學系戰略與國際事務所碩士論文。
施盈竹(2009)。《國際非政府組織人道援助的志工參與-以東帝汶國際和平團為例》,元智大學社會暨政策科學學所碩士論文。
黃佳琪(2007)。《歐盟人道援助政策之發展與實踐》,淡江大學歐洲研究所碩士論文。
趙忠傑(2007) 。《人道援助行動中軍事部門與非政府組織「夥伴關係」之研究》,國防大學政治作戰學院政治研究所博士論文。new window
林芳甫(2006) 。《宗教非政府組織從事國際人道援助之研究-以佛教慈濟慈善事業基金會為例》,中興大學國際政治研究所碩士論文。
二、英文文獻(依作者姓氏字母排序)
(一)專書
Andrea Guttry, Marco Gestri& Gabriella Venturini et al., International disaster response law(2012).The Hague, The Netherlands : T. M. C. Asser Press : Imprint: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2012.
Amartya Kumar Sen Poverty and famines : an essay on entitlement and
deprivation(1981). New York : Oxford University Press.
Austin Sarat, Lawrence Douglas, Martha Merrill Umphrey et al, Law and catastrophe (2007). Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
Austin Sarat and Javier Lezaun, Catastrophe : law, politics, and the humanitarian impulse(2009). Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
Chang-FA,LO,A Commentary on the International Health Regulations (2005)-A New Charter for Global Health Matters. Taipei:Angle.
Coppola Damon P. Introduction to international disaster management(2007). Amsterdam ; Boston : Butterworth Heinemann.
Daniel A. Farber et al., Disaster law and policy(2010). Frederick, MD : Aspen Publishers ; Austin : Wolters Kluwer Law & Business.
Daniel A. Farber & Michael G. Faure et al., Disaster law(2010). Cheltenham, UK.
David L. Brunsma, David Overfelt and J. Steven Picou,The sociology of Katrina : perspectives on a modern catastrophe (2007). Lanham, Md. : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Dilip Kumar Sinha, Natural disaster reduction : South East Asian realities, risk perception and global strategies(2007). London ; New York : Anthem Press.
Donal P. O''Mathuna, Bert Gordijn& Mike Clarke et al.,
Disaster bioethics : normative issues when nothing is normal (2014).
Hélène Lambert et al. International refugee law.(2010). Farnham, Surrey England ; Burlington, VT : Ashgate.
Hans-Joachim Heintze, Andrej Zwitter, International law and humanitarian assistance : a crosscut through legal issues pertaining to humanitarianism(2011). Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Ian Brownlie, Principles of public international law(2008). Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press.
Ian Brownlie, State responsibility(1983). Oxford : Clarendon Press ; New York : Oxford University Press.
Jeffrey D. Sachs .The end of poverty : economic possibilities for our time(2006). New York : Penguin Books.
Jasanoff, Sheila(1995). Science at the bar : law, science, and technology in America / Sheila Jasanoff. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press.
Mark Pelling. Natural disasters and development in a globalizing world(2003). London ; New York : Routledge.
Mohamed Gad-el-Hak et al, Large-scale disasters : prediction, control, and mitigation(2008). New York : Cambridge University Press.
Nick Bostrom&Milan M. Ćirković et al, Global catastrophic risks(2008). New York : Oxford University Press.
Henry J. Steiner, Philip Alston, Ryan Goodman. International human rights in context : law, politics, morals : text and materials(2008). Oxford ;New York : Oxford University Press.
Robert R.M. Verchick, Facing catastrophe : environmental action for a post-Katrina world(2010). Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press.
Ronald J. Daniels, Donald F. Kettl, and Howard Kunreuther et al., On risk and disaster : lessons from Hurricane Katrina(2006). Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press.
Soobasschandra Chacowry,compiled by Sean Nicklin, Ben Cornwell &Jacqui Griffiths, Elements for life(2007). Geneva : World Meteorological Organization.
Soren Blau and Douglas H. Ubelaker, Handbook of forensic anthropology and archaeology(2009). Walnut Creek, Calif. : Left Coast Press.
International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS)
(2001), The Responsibility to Protect.
Lo, Chang-Fa (2010), WTO-Plus in Free Trade Agreements.
Posner, Richard A. (2004), Catastrophe: Risk and Response.
Steiner, Henry J. et al. (2008), International Human Rights in Context: Law,
Politics, Morals: Text and Materials.
Verchick, Robert R.M. (2010), Facing Catastrophe: Environmental Action for
a Post-Katrina World.
Weissbecker, Inka et.al (2011), Climate Change and Human Well-being: Global Challenges and Opportunities.
World Bank (2012), Advancing Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance in
ASEAN Member States: Framework and Options for Implementation.
World Economic Forum (2013), Global Risks 2013: An Initiative of the Risk
Response Network.
(二)論文
Alejandra de Urioste, When Will Help Be On The Way? The Status Of International Disaster Response Law,15 Tul. J. Int''l & Comp. L. 181(2006).
Arden Rowell& Lesley Wexler, Valuing Foreign Lives,48 Ga. L. Rev. 499(2014).
Alistair S. Rieu-Clarke, A Survey Of International Law Relating To Flood Management: Existing Practices And Future Prospects, 48 Nat. Resources J. 649(2008).
Amy Eckert, The Non-Intervention Principle and International Humanitarian Interventions, 7 Int''l Legal Theory 49(2001).
Arnold Pronto, Consideration of the protection of persons in the event of disasters by the international law commission, 15 ILSA J. Int''l & Comp. L. 449,449(2009).
Benoit Mayer, The International Legal Challenges Of Climate-Induced Migration: Proposal For An International Legal Framework, 22 Colo. J. Int''l Envtl. L. & Pol''y 357(2011).
Bonnie Docherty&Tyler Giannini, Confronting A Rising Tide: A Proposal for A Convention on Climate Change Refugees, 33 Harv. Envtl. L. Rev. 349(2009).
Casinova O. Henderson, Hurricane Katrina Victims: A Claim in the International Courts?5 Fla. A & M U. L. Rev. 155(2010).
Chan Leng Sun, Humanitarian Assistance by International Organisations: A Question of Compulsory Access to Victims, 1991 Sing. J. Legal Stud. 320 (1991).
Claude de Ville de Goyet &André Griekspoor, Natural Disasters, the Best Friend Of Poverty, 14 Geo. J. on Poverty L. & Pol''y 61(2007).
Corinne E. Lewis, Dealing with the Problem Internally Displaced Persons, 6 Geo. Immigr. L.J. 693(1992).
Cristiano d''Orsi, Strengths and Weakness in the Protection of the Internally and Displaced Persons in Sub-Saharan Africa, 28 Conn. J. Int''l L. 73(2012).
Daniela Gavshon, The applicability of IHL in mixed situations of disaster and conflict, 14 J.C. & S.L., 243(2009).
Daphné Richemond, Normativity in International Law: The Case of Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention, 6 Yale Hum. Rts. & Dev. L.J. 45(2003).
David Fisher, International Disaster Relief: A Growing Regulatory Dilemma, 101 Am.
Soc''y Int''l L. Proc. 114 (2007).
David Fisher, The Law of International Disaster Response: Overview and Ramifications for Millitary Actors,83 Int''l L. Stud. 293(2007).
David Fisher , Fast Food: Regulating Emergency Food Aid in Sudden-Impact Disaster, 40 Vand. J. Transnat''l L. 1127(2007).
Elizabeth Burleson, Climate Change Consensus: Emerging International Law, 34Wm. & Mary Envtl. L. Climate Change and & Pol''y Rev. 543(2010).
Eric A. Posner, international Human Rights Litigation: A Critical Appraisal, 155 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1925(2007).
Evan R. Seamone, The Duty to “Expect the Unexpected”: Mitigating Extreme Natural Threats to the Global Commons such as Asteroid and Comet Impacts with the Earth, Colum. J. Transnat''l L. 735(2003).
Francis Mading Deng, The Global Challenge of Internal Displacement, 5 Wash. U. J.L. & Pol''y 141(2001).
John Handmer, Elsie Loh, Wei Choong, Using Law to Reduce Vulnerability to Natural Disasters,14 Geo. J. on Poverty L. & Pol''y 13(2007).
Hammond, Matthew Carlton, The Posse Comitatus Act: A Principle in Need of Renewal, 75 WASH. U. L.Q. 953(1997).
Lawrence O. Gostin, Meeting Basic Survival Needs of the World’s Least Healthy People: Toward a Framework Convention on Global Health, 96 Geo. L.J. 331(2008).
Lindsay F. Wiley, Healthy Planet, Healthy People: Integrating Global Health into the International Response to Climate Change, 24 J. Envtl. L. & Litig. 203(2009).
Lindsay F. Wiley, Moving Global Health Law Upstream: A Critical Appraisal Of Global Health Law as a Tool for Health Adaptation to Climate Change, 22 Geo. Int''l Envtl. L. Rev. 439(2010).
Michele R. Pistone, John J. Hoeffner, Unsettling Developments: Terrorism and the New Case Enhancing Protection and Humanitarian Assistance for Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons, Including Victims of Natural Disasters, 42 Colum. Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 613(2011).
Richard A. Posner, Efficient Responses to Catastrophic Risk, 6 Chi. J. Int''l L. 511(2006).
Rebecca J. Barber, Protecting the Right to Housing in the Aftermath of Natural Disaster: Standards in International Human Rights Law, 20(3),I.J.R.L. 432(2008).
Ronald Waldman, Responding to Catastrophes: A Public Health Perspective,6 Chi. J. Int''l L. 553(2006).
Scott Barrett, The Problem of Averting Global Catastrophe, 6 Chi. J. Int''l L. 527(2006).
Senator William H. Frist, M.D., Medicine As a Currency for Peace Through Global Health Diplomacy, 26 Yale L. & Pol''y Rev. 209(2007).
Smith, Nathan, Water, Water Everywhere, and Not A Bite to Eat: Sovereign Immunity, Federal Disaster Relief, and Hurricane Katrina, 43 SAN DIEGO L. REV. 699(2006).
Stephen Tully, The Contribution of Human Rights as an Additional Perspective on Climate Change Impacts within the Pacific, 5 N.Z. J. Pub. & Int''l L. 169(2007).
Tun Myint, Democracy in Global Environmental Governance: Issues, Interests, and Actors in the Mekong and the Rhine, 10 Ind. J. Global Legal Stud. 287(2003).
Tyra Ruth Saechao, Natural disasters and the responsibility to protect: from chaos to clarity, 32 Brook. J. Int''l L. 663 (2007).
Edwards, George E., International Human Rights Law Violations Before, During, and After Hurricane Katrina: An International Law Framework for Analysis
Habitat International Coalition - Housing and Land Rights Network (HIC-HLRN) & PDHRE - People''s Movement for Human Rights Learning, International Human Rights Standards on Post-disaster Resettlement and Rehabilitationm Sovereign Natural Disaster Insurance for Developing Countries : A Paradigm Shift in Catastrophe Risk Financing (World Bank Policy Research Working Papers no. 4345) (September 2007)
Jasmeet Gulati &Ivan Khosa, Humanitarian Intervention: To Protect State Sovereignty, 41 Denv. J. Int''l L. & Pol''y 397(2013).
Jeremy Sarkin &Marek Pietschmann, Legitimate Humanitarian Intervention under International Law in the Context of the Current Human Rights and Humanitarian Crisis in Burma (Myanmar),33 Hong Kong L. J. 371(2003).
Jianming Shen, The Non-Intervention Principle and Humanitarian Interventions under International Law ,7 Int''l Legal Theory 1(2001).
Martinus Nijhoff ,The International Aspects of Natural and Industrial Catastrophes ( 2001).
M.J. Peterson, On the Inadequate Reach of Humanitarian and Human Rights Law and the Need for a New Instrument, 77 Am. J. Int''l L. 589(1983).
Mohamed S. Helal, Am I My Brother’s Keeper?The Reality, Tragedy, and Future of Collective Security,Harv. Nat''l Sec. J. 383(2015).
Cohen, Roberta, Brookings Institution, Time for the United States to Honor International Standards in Emergencies (2005)
Martin, Michael F., Analyst in Asian Trade and Finance, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division & Rhoda Margesson, Specialist in International Humanitarian Policy, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, Congressional Research Service (CRS), Cyclone Nargis & Burma''s Constitutional Reform (May 9, 2008) (CRS Report for Congress, Order Code RL34481)
Margesson, Rhoda, Foreign Affairs Analyst, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, Congressional Research Service (CRS), International Crises and Disasters: U.S. Humanitarian Assistance, Budget Trends, and Issues for Congress (CRS Report for Congress, Order Code RL33769) (December 21, 2006)
Morrison, J. Stephen & Joanna Nesseth Tuttle, Project Directors, Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS), A Call For A Strategic U.S. Approach To The Global Food Crisis: A Report of the CSIS Task Force on the Global Food Crisis Core Findings and Recommendations
Nancy D. Arnison, International Law and Non-Intervention: When do Humanitarian Concerns Supersede Sovereignty?, 17-SUM Fletcher F. World Aff. 199(1993).
Neomi Rao , The Choice to Protect: Rethinking Responsibility for Humanitarian Intervention,44 Colum. Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 697(2013).
Nicholas J Wheele , Legitimating Humanitarian Intervention: Principles and Procedures,2 Melb. J. Int''l L. 550(2001).
Organization of American States (OAS), Office of International Law, Inter-American Convention to Facilitate Disaster Assistance.
Peek, Lori (Editor), Children, Youth and Environments Center for Research and Design, Special Issue: Children and Disasters Children, Youth and Environments Journal, v. 18, no.1 (2008).
Fisher, David (2007), International Disaster Relief: A Growing Regulatory Dilemma,
101 American Society of International Law 114.
Hardcastle, Rohan J. & Adrian T.L. Chua (1998), Humanitarian Assistance: Towards a
Right of Access to Victims of Natural Disasters, (38)325 International Review of the
Red Cross 589.
Lo, Chang-Fa (2009), Environmental Protection through FTAs: Paradigm Shifting from
Multilateral to Multi-Bilateral Approach, 4 Asian Journal of WTO & International
Health Law and Policy 309.
Moreno, Ignacia S. et al. (1999), Free Trade and the Environment: The NAFTA, the
NAAEC, and Implications for the Future, 12 Tulane Environmental Law Journal
405.
Mushkat, Roda (2003), Globalization and the International Environmental Legal
Response: The Asian Context, 4(1) Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal 49.
Oona A. Hathaway, Julia Brower, Ryan Liss, Tina Thomas, Jacob Victor, Consent-Based Humanitarian Intervention: Giving Sovereign Responsibility Back to the Sovereign, 46 Cornell Int''l L.J. 499(2013).
Pronto, Arnold (2009), Consideration of the Protection of Persons in the Event of
Disasters by the International Law Commission, 15 ILSA Journal of International
and Comparative Law 449.
Ravi Mahalingam, The Compatibility of the Principle of Non-Intervention with the Right of Humanitarian Intervention, 1 UCLA J. Int''l L. & Foreign Aff. 221(1996).
Ricardo Arredondo, Responsibility to Protect: A Latin American Perspective,
20 Sw. J. Int''l L. 347(2014).
Rosendahl, Alyssa M. (2007), International Disaster Response Law in Central America
and Europe: Developing a More Effective Framework for Central America, 16
Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems 705.
Saechao, Tyra Ruth (2007), Natural Disasters and the Responsibility to Protect: From
Chaos to Clarity, 32 Brooklyn Journal of International Law 663.
Samuel Vincent Jones, Darfur, the Authority of Law, and Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention,39 U. Tol. L. Rev. 97(2007).
Shahla F. Ali, Towards Peer Presence in Post-Disaster Governance: An Empirical Study, 38 Hastings Int''l & Comp. L. Rev. 243(2015).
Stuart Ford, Is the Failure to Respond Appropriately to a Natural Disaster a Crime Against Humanity? The Responsibility to Protect and Individual Crminal Responsibility in the Aftermath of Cyclone Nargis, 38 Denv. J. Int''l L. & Pol''y 227(2010).
Tay, Simon SC (1999), Southeast Asian Fires: The Challenge for Internationa
Environmental Law and Sustainable Development, 11 Georgetown International
Environmental Law Review 241.
Terry Nardin, From right to Intervene to Duty to Protect: Michael Walzer on Humanitarian Intervention, 24 Eur. J. Int''l L. 67(2013).
Tully, Stephen (2007), The Contribution of Human Rights as an Additional Perspective
on Climate Change Impacts within the Pacific, 5(1) New Zealand Journal of Public
& International Law 169.
William Magnuson, The Responsibility to Protect and Decline of Sovereignty: Free Spech under International Law, 43 Vand. J. Transnat''l L. 255(2010).
Young Sok Kim , Responsibility to Protect, Humanitarian Intervention and North Korea,5 J. Int''l Bus. & L. 74(2006).
(三)聯合國文獻
G.A.Res43/131,U.N.Doc. A/RES/43/131(Dec.8,1988).
G.A.Res45/100,U.N.Doc. A/RES/45/100(Dec.14,1990).
G.A.Res46/182,U.N.Doc. A/RES/46/182(Dec.19,1991).
G.A.Res65/264,U.N.Doc. A/RES/65/264(Dec.19,1991).
World Conference on Disaster Reduction (18-22 January 2005, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan), Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters (Extract from the final report of the World Conference on Disaster Reduction (A/CONF.206/6))
United Nations International Law Commision, 5 May to 6 June and 7 July to 8 August,2008,OfficialRecords of Report on the work of its sixtieth session, U.N,Doc.A/63/10.
United Nations Joint Inspection Unit, Towards a United Nations Humanitarian Assistance Programmefor Disaster Response and Reduction: Lessons learned from the Indian Ocean tsunami disaster, U.N.Doc.JIU/REP/2006/5 (May 2006) ( prepared by Tadanori Inomata).
United Nations, Global Survey of Early Warning Systems: An Assessment of Capacities, Gaps and Opportunities Towards Building a Comprehensive Global Early Warning System for All Natural Hazards (September 2006)
International Law Commission, Preliminary report on the protection of persons in the event of disasters,U.N.Doc.A/CN.4/598(5 May-6 June and 7 July-8 August,2008)( prepared by Mr. Eduardo Valencia-Ospina)
International Law Commission, Second report on the protection of persons in the event of disasters ,U.N.Doc. A/CN.4/615 (4 May-5 June and 6 July-7 August,2009)( prepared by Mr. Eduardo Valencia-Ospina)
International Law Commission, Third report on the protection of persons in the event of disasters ,U.N.Doc. A/CN.4/629 (3 May-4 June and 5 July-6 August,2010)( prepared by Mr. Eduardo Valencia-Ospina)
International Law Commission, Fourth report on the protection of persons in the event of disasters , U.N.Doc. A/CN.4/643 (26 April-3 June and 4 July-12 August,2011)( prepared by Mr. Eduardo Valencia-Ospina)
International Law Commission, Fifth report on the protection of persons in the event of disasters, U.N.Doc. A/CN.4/652 (7 May-1 June and 2 July-3 August 2012)( prepared by Mr. Eduardo Valencia-Ospina)
United Nations (U.N.) Secretary-General, Disaster-Related Economic Losses out of
Control, U.N. Doc. SG/SM/15027 (May 15, 2013).
U.N. Office for Risk Reduction, Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk
Reduction (2013).
United Nations Joint Inspection Unit, Towards a United Nations Humanitarian
Assistance Programme for Disaster Response and Reduction: Lessons learned from the
Indian Ocean tsunami disaster 17, U.N. Doc. JIU/REP/2006/5 (2006) (prepared by
Tadanori Inomata).
WHO (2011), Japan earthquake and tsunami Situation Report No. 33.
(四)網路與其他文獻
APEC Natural Disasters Project, Human Resource Development Working Group
(March 19, 2013), http://hrd.apec.org/index.php/APEC_Natural _Disasters_Project.
Indiana Ocean Tsunami 2004, International Recovery Platform,
http://www.recoveryplatform.org/countries_and_disasters/disaster/15/indian_ocean_tsu
nami_2004.Indonesia Earthquake 2004, International Disaster Database,
http://www.emdat.be/search-details-disaster-list.
Lessons of a triple disaster, Nature, No.7388, 123(2012).
ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response(2005),
http://www.aseansec.org/17579.htm
A J McMichael, M Neira, R Bertollini, D Campbell-Lendrum, S Hales, Climate change: a time of need and opportunity for the health sector, ttp://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(09)62031-6/fulltext
British Red Cross, Analysis of Law in the United Kingdom pertaining to Cross-Border Disaster Relief(2010).
Convention Establishing An International Relief Union, 35 L.N.T.S. 249 (1927). http://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/idrl/about-disaster-law/publication/
Copenhagen Accord (2009),http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/l07.pdf
Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident(1986), ttp://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/infcirc335.shtml
Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency(1986),http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/infcirc336.shtml
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter(1972),http://www.imo.org/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/Convention-on-the-Prevention-of-Marine-Pollution-by-Dumping-of-Wastes-and-Other-Matter.aspx
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat(1971),http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-texts-convention-on/main/ramsar/1-31-38%5E20671_4000_0__
David P. Fidler, Governing catastrophes: security, health and humanitarian
assistance, Volume 89 No.866 of the International Review of the Red Cross247-270 (2007),http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/article/review/review-866-p247.htm
David P. Fidler, ASIL Insight: The Indian Ocean Tsunami and International Law (2005), available at http:// www.asil.org/insights/2005/01/insights050118.htm.
Hisashi Owada, International Environmental Law and the International Court of Justice (2006), available at http://ias.jak.ppke.hu/hir/ias/200634sz/owada.pdf.
Int''l Fed''n of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Guidelines for the Domestic Facilitation and Regulation of International Disaster Relief and Initial Recovery Assistance, 30IC/07/R4 annex, available at http:// www.ifrc.org//docs/pubs/idrl/guidelines/guidelines.pdf
Rohan J. Hardcastle, Adrian T. L. Chua, Humanitarian assistance: towards a right of access to victims of natural disasters(1998), available at http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/57jpjd.htm
WHO,WHO Situation reportNo.33 Japan Earthquake and Tsunami
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International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies,Analysis of Law in the EU and a Selection of Member States pertaining to Cross-BorderDisaster Relief Synthesis Report and Recommendations(2010).
http://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/IDRL/country%20studies/EU-IDRL-Study-Synthesis-Report.pdf
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International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies,Disaster response and the role of Immigration( 2010). http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/PIDC_2010_Disaster_response_role.pdf
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The International Telecommunication Union, The Tampere Convention – A Life-Saving Treaty(2005), http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/emergencytelecoms/tampere.html
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Domestic Facilitation and Regulation of International Disaster Relief and Initial
Recovery Assistance, 30IC/07/R4 annex (October 26, 2007).
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Nargis and Burma’s Constitutional Referendum (CRS Report for Congress, Order Code
RL34481).


 
 
 
 
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