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題名:東亞勞動市場雙元化的跨國比較:技術類型、工作特性與工會力量的差異性
作者:陳盈方
作者(外文):CHEN, YING-FANG
校院名稱:國立中正大學
系所名稱:社會福利研究所
指導教授:呂建德
葉秀珍
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2016
主題關鍵詞:勞動市場雙元化技術類型工作特性工會力量東亞labor market dualizationskill formationwork-orientationunionsEast Asia
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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勞動市場雙元化的分野,不同國家存在不同的差異性。西方國家的勞動市場雙元化機制主要立基於不同產業別之間。然而,東亞國家的勞動市場雙元化機制,卻存在於不同企業規模之間,且東亞國家內的勞動市場雙元化類型亦存在差異性,並隨著時間而有所變化。為探討東亞國家勞動市場雙元化機制,以及其在不同時期的變化情形。本論文採用「國際社會調查(ISSP)」2005年工作導向資料庫,以及「東亞社會調查(EASS)」2008年、2010年、2012年的合併樣本資料,以OLS薪資迴歸模型,觀察日本、南韓、台灣在以企業規模為勞動市場雙元化的劃分機制下,其在技術類型、工作特性、工會力量等面向所形成的東亞國家內部勞動市場雙元化的樣態差異為何,及其在不同時期的變化趨勢。本論文發現日本和南韓在1990年代以前不同企業規模勞工之薪資屬於較平等的狀態,但在1990年代之後兩者之差距即迅速擴張。而台灣則不論在1990年代前後,不同企業規模勞工間之薪資差距皆維持穩定的差異性。造成該現象的因素在於,日本和南韓在1990年代之後,工會得以透過集體行動的力量捍衛自身的薪資保障,且能參加工會者,多以大型企業的核心勞工為主,這些勞工往往屬於高技術類型和穩定工作特性者。日本勞工在是否為非典型就業、參與工會與否和技術類型之程度上,形成明顯的勞動市場雙元劃分野。影響南韓勞動市場雙元化最深的則為是否落入低工時,其次才為技術類型之程度和是否為非典型就業型態。南韓則受到1990年代之政府欲抑制大企業工會核心勞工之保障,以及勞動市場彈性化改革影響,使得工會力量的影響性被勞工之工作特性和技術類型稀釋了。台灣則無論在1990年代前後,其工會力量主要存在於國營企業和大型民營企業內,但這些工會組織力量僅存在於企業內部,無法外溢至中小企業勞工身上。而大企業勞工多為高技術類型和獲取穩定工時者,使得台灣生產體制中的勞工技術類型和工時因素,亦成為大企業與中小企業勞動市場雙元化的重要分野。到了2008年至2012年之間,日本和南韓工作特性中的非典型就業和低工時等不穩定就業型態,已更加嚴重,並轉型成為該兩國近年來形成勞動市場雙元化的主因。而技術類型雖然對勞工薪資影響亦佔有重要位置,但仍未及勞工在勞動市場中所位處的工作特性來得影響深遠。而台灣在歷經數年變化和勞動市場改革後,技術類型和低工時對勞動市場雙元化的影響效果,則越來越重要。
Different countries have different mechanisms of labor market dualization. In western welfare states, labor market is dualized along with industry sectors. However, the cleavage of insider-outsider in East Asia is emerged in line with firm size. Moreover, the mechanisms of labor market dualization are not only varied across the East Asian welfare states, but also changed over time. This study will use 2005 International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) and the 2008, 2010 and 2012 East Asian Social Survey (EASS) to analyze how the labor markets are dualized along with firm size, and the significance of skills, work-orientation and labor power through the ordinary least squares models of wage among employed workers in Japan, (South) Korea and Taiwan. We found that the wage gaps between large firms and SMEs rapidly increased after the 1990s in Japan and Korea; however, Taiwan did not see a significant change. In Japan and Korea, insiders worked in large companies are not only union members but also having high skills and stable work careers tend to defend wage protection. Therefore, the rights and wage of outsiders are sacrificed. Thus, in Japan, the wider wage gap could be attributed to job types, union membership, and skill types. In Korea, the main factors of labor market dualization based on firm size are low working hours, skill types and atypical workers, but the significance of union membership is weakened by work-orientation and skill types when the Korean government started labor market deregulation in the 1990s to reduce employment security of chaebol workers. In Taiwan, labor power was centralized in large private firms and state-owned enterprises, but its influence did not spill over to SMEs workers. Workers in large private firms and state-owned enterprises have high-general skills and enjoy employment security. Thus, skill types and low working hours are significant in explaining the deepening labor market dualization along with firm size in Taiwan. From 2008 to 2012, non-regular works is deteriorated in Japan and Korea, and it recently became as the main factor of labor market dualization, and skill type is still significant to workers’ wage, but less important than precarious work. In Taiwan, skill type and low working hours are more and more important in explaining the labor market dualization after a series of labor market reforms.
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