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題名:另類單親家庭—受刑人攜子入監支持網絡之探析
作者:林月琴
校院名稱:中央警察大學
系所名稱:犯罪防治研究所
指導教授:謝文彥
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2016
主題關鍵詞:攜子入監女性受刑人社會支持網絡
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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本研究以社會支持觀點透過質性研究法,對目前在桃園女子監獄中服刑且攜帶三歲半以下子女的女性受刑人、未攜子入監的獄友、以及監獄內的工作人員進行訪談,以探討女性受刑人攜子入監後在監育兒的需求,以及其在監所養育孩子的過程中所獲得的正式及非正式的社會支持。
研究結果發現受訪之女性受刑人成長經驗不佳,其攜子入監皆因缺乏外在的支持系統,監獄僅能提供兒童身體發展上所需的定期做健康檢查、 施打預防針,甚至有塗氟等服務。基於監獄戒護安全的考量,受刑人間言談受到限制,使得孩子因與大人互動不多,對其語言與認知發展產生不利影響,且有產生監獄化之危機。此外,女性受刑人的資源不足,使得其經濟負擔大、資源取得不便,心理需求少被滿足,而照顧孩子過程中面對自身適應狀況、就醫選擇兩難、管教難以一致、且照顧小孩會影響其作業分數,這些使得使受刑人常感身心俱疲。
社會支持包括工具性支持、訊息性支持與情感性支持,本研究結果顯示,攜子入監之女性受刑人的工具性支持(金錢、物資、勞務的提供)主要來自於家庭,尤其是金錢的提供及孩子生活所需的物品,當家庭無法提供時,才由監所提供。獄友所主要是提供食物,監獄主管則視個人的狀況會提供物品的援助。勞務上的支持以獄友為最多,他們會幫忙照顧小孩;至於監獄則無提供勞務支持。訊息性支持(知識、經驗的提供)主要來自於獄友,他們會提供母親育兒知識,但少能提供小孩。獄友提供訊息雖可增加母親育兒知識,但也可能讓她產生壓迫感,監獄僅能提供親職課程。情感性支持(安慰、鼓勵、友誼、認同的提供)主要來自於獄友與家庭,家人透過會面、書信、電話、視訊等方式帶來情感支持;但獄友的情感支持有正向支持與負向干擾的問題,而監獄無提供情感性支持。
基於研究結果,現行政策並不利於隨母入監之兒童的發展需求,因而針對政策內涵提出建立年齡限制、審查評估機制、育兒環境及設施、符合兒童發展及生活所需的服務,至於攜子入監女性受刑人正式、非正式支持的部分,從兒童福利的角度來看,不因女性受刑人的非正式支持與否,應由正式支持做全面性的提供,因而建議可檢視法律框架及政策、政府之間與民間合作與援助、建立政策監測機制等政策制定面向作調整。
關鍵詞:攜子入監、女性受刑人、社會支持網絡
This study employed a qualitative research method from the perspective of social support through interviews with female prisoners serving their sentences with children under 3.5 years, inmates not caring for children in prison, and the workers at Taoyuan Women’s Prison. The interviews were aimed at exploring the needs of the prisoners in raising their children while incarcerated, and the formal and informal social support received in the process.
The results indicate that the female prisoners lack a satisfactory growth experience and the external social support system needed for raising their children in prison. The prison is only able to provide the regular health examinations, vaccinations, and fluoride treatments needed for the physical development of the children. For the safety of the prison workers, conversation among prisoners is limited, and this may negatively affect the language and cognitive development of the children and lead to their potential prisonization. Moreover, because of resource insufficiency, the female prisoners endure severe economic burden and inconvenience in acquiring needed resources, and their psychological needs are rarely met. Additionally, their own adaptation problems, difficulties in selecting medical options and disciplining their children, and the effect of their care on their labor score of progressive treatment responsibility, further exhaust the prisoners physically and mentally.
Social support is provided in the form of instrumental, informational, and emotional support. According to the results of this study, the instrumental support for the female prisoners raising children in prison, particularly the money and goods needed for the daily living of children, is typically provided by their families. This support is provided by the prison authority only when families are incapable of doing so themselves. The inmate center primarily provides food, and the prison director provides material support according to the condition of each prisoner. Most labor support is provided by the inmates, who help one another to raise their children; no labor support is provided by the prison authority. Informational support (e.g., knowledge and experience) has primarily been provided by inmates, who, unable to support their own children, provide mothers with knowledge on raising children. The information provided by inmates can increase the knowledge of mothers on raising children but may also lead to stress. The prison authority provides parenting courses, but not emotional support. Emotional support (e.g., consolation, encouragement, friendship, and identification) is provided by inmates and families. Families provide the prisoners with emotional support in the form of meetings, letters, phone calls, and video calls, but the emotional support provided by inmates can lead not only to positive support but also to negative emotional disruption.
The results of this study show that the existing policies have inhibited the developmental needs of the children raised in prison. As such, it is necessary for policymakers to formulate age restrictions and evaluation mechanisms, and provide a child-raising environment and facilities for prisoners, as well as the services needed for the development and daily living of children. Regarding the formal and informal support available for prisoners raising children in prison, in consideration of child welfare, regardless of whether prisoners receive informal support, they must be provided with comprehensive formal support. Therefore, policymakers should examine the law and policy framework, promote cooperation and assistance between the government and the people, and establish monitoring mechanisms for adjusting the orientation of their prison policies.
Keywords: Mothers with Their Children on Prison, Female Inmates, Social Support Networks
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