:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:權威與實踐:以台灣北部道士為例
作者:孟逸夫
作者(外文):Yves Menheere
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:人類學研究所
指導教授:葉春榮
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2017
主題關鍵詞:道士宗教權威儀式效力儀式正確性台灣Taoist priestsreligious authorityritual efficacyorthopraxyTaiwan
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(2) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:2
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:4
本論文以台灣北部道士為例,探討儀式專家的權威(authority)問題。過去儀式理論討論儀式專家權威的來源有兩個:儀式正確性(orthopraxy)以及效力(efficacy)。另外,討論權威的學者指出權威的結構是一個建立在場域(field)位置以及與其他專家的關係的一種社會過程。本論文奠基於筆者自2013年至2016年間,在北部以正一自居道士的活動中所收集的田野資料來探討儀式專家的權威結構。
本論文包含第一章導論與最後一章結論,共有11個章節。在第二、三章談道士活動背後的宗教背景以及其使用的兩種儀式系統—道與法。道士很清楚分辨兩系統的差異,也承認兩系統之間有互補的關係。第四章討論北部道士活動的歷史,說明田野期間的道教實踐會受特定時空及地點影響。第五章介紹道士受訓練並加入「道士圈」的方式。第六、七章用醮、登台拜表的例子討論儀式正確性與權威的關係。第八、九章以北部道士主要療癒法事——大補運——為例討論儀式的效力與權威的關係。第十章討論各種法事的不同安排方式及其與道士在場域的位置的關係。
結論裡面提出在建立權威時,雖然正確性及效力都扮演重要的角色;但道士個人與其他道士之間的關係以及其進入道士圈的方式,則在獲得權力的社會過程中位居關鍵的位。
One way to answer the question why people put their faith in ritual specialists is through the notion of authority. Scholars of ritual have proposed two ways in which ritual authority can be constructed: 1) through knowledge of the correct way to perform rites; and 2) through the performance of rites that produce certain desired effects. In this view, authority is thus either based on orthopraxy or efficacy. Other scholars have pointed out that the construction of authority is a social process in which the position in a so-called ‘field’ and the relations with other specialists should also be taken into consideration. In this dissertation, I discuss the construction of religious authority among Taoist priests in northern Taiwan who identify as part of the Cheng-it (Zhengyi) tradition, focusing on one aspect of their work—the performance of major ceremonies involving multiple priests. Data was collected through ethnographic fieldwork carried out between 2013 and 2016.
In addition to the introduction (chapter 1) and conclusion (chapter 11), this dissertation consists of 9 chapters. In chapters 2 and 3, I describe the religious context in which the priests were active and the ritual systems that the priests would employ, arguing that even if priests would make clear distinctions between the tō and hoat rites, both traditions would play a complementary role in the practice of the priests. In chapter 4, I give a brief historical overview of Taoist practice in northern Taiwan, arguing that practice as it existed by the time I was doing fieldwork was the result of specific local and historical factors. Chapter 5 looks at the different ways that priests were trained and gained access to the ‘field of priests’. Chapters 6 and 7 discuss the importance of orthopraxy, its implication for Taoist practice and the relation between orthopraxy and authority, using the example of the jiao and a newly introduced rite called tng tai pai pio (dengtai baibiao) or Ascending the platform to present a memorial. Chapters 8 and 9 discuss the toa-po͘-un, the major healing rite of the northern priests and the connection between efficacy and authority. In chapter 10, I discuss the different ways in which the ceremonies of the priests were organized.
In the conclusion, I argue that while efficacy and orthopraxy both played a role in the establishment of authority, a priest’s authority could not be reduced to either of them. Rather, the construction of authority was a social process in which relations with other priests and the way a priest entered the field played a key role.
Abbot, Andrew. 1988. The system of professions: an essay on the division of expert labor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ahern, Emily M. 1973. The cult of the dead in a Chinese village. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
---. 1975. “The power and pollution of Chinese women.” In Women in Chinese society, edited by Margery Wolf and Roxane Witke, 193-243. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
---. 1979. “The problem of efficacy: strong and weak illocutionary acts ” Man 14 (1): 1-17.
Anderson, Poul. 1989. “The practice of bugang.” Cahiers d’Extrême-Asie 5: 15-53.
Anderson, Robert. 1991. “The efficacy of ethnomedicine: research methods in trouble.” Medical Anthropology: Cross-Cultural Studies in Health and Illness 13: 1-17.
Atkinson, Jane Monnig. 1987. “The effectiveness of shamans in Indonesian ritual.” American Anthropologist 89 (2): 342-355.
---. 1989. The art and politics of Wana shamanship. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Baity, Philip Chesley. 1975. Religion in a Chinese town. Taipei: The Orient cultural service.
Bao’angong 保安宮. 2005. Xinxiu Dalongtong Bao’angong zhi 新修大龍峒保安宮志. Taipei: Bao’angong.
Baptandier, Brigitte. 2008 [1988]. The lady of Linshui: a Chinese female cult. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Bell, Catherine. 1997. Ritual: perspectives and dimensions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1971. “Genèse et structure du champ religieux.” Revue française de sociologie: 295-334.
---. 1987. “Legitimation and structured interests in Weber’s sociology of religion.” In Max Weber, rationality and modernity, edited by Scott Lash and Sam Whimster, 119-136. London: Allen and Unwin.
---. 1991. Language and symbolic power. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Bourdieu, Pierre, and Loïc J.D. Wacquant. 1992. An invitation to reflexive sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Chang Chao-Jan 張超然. 2014. “Zhaijiao tanchang yu yishi bianqian: yi daojiao chaoke wei zhongxin de taolun” 齋醮壇場與儀式變遷: 以道教朝科為中心的討論. Huaren Zongjiao Yanjiu 華人宗教研究 4: 1-41.new window
---. 2014. “Dangdai Taiwan daojiao wenhua quanshi de dianfan xuezhe: Li Fengmao de yanjiu tese ji qi fangfaxue de xiangguan jiantao” 當代臺灣道教文化詮釋的典範學者:李豐楙的研究特色及其方法學的相關檢討. In Dangdai Taiwan zongjiao yanjiu jingcui lunji: quanshi jiangouzhe qunxiang 當代臺灣宗教研究精粹論及:詮釋建構者群像, edited by Chiang Tsan-teng 江燦騰, 315-332. Xinbei: Boyang.
---. 2016. “Ziwo shenfen, lunlixing yu shehui xiangzheng: dao yu fa de genben chayi yu fuhe xianxiang” 自我身分、倫理性格與社會象徵: 道與法的根本差異與複合現象. Huaren zongjiao yanjiu 華人宗教研究 8: 33-64.
Chang Hsun 張珣. 1993. “Taiwan hanren shoujing yishi yu hunpoguan” 臺灣漢人收驚儀式與魂魄觀. In Renguan, yiyi yu shehui 人觀、意義與社會, edited by Huang Ying-Kuei 黃應貴, 207-231. Taipei: Institute of ethnology, Academia Sinica.new window
---. 1996. “Guangfu hou Taiwan renleixue hanren zongjiao zhi huigu” 光復後臺灣人類學漢人宗教研究之回顧. Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica 81: 163--215.
---. 2006. “Bao’angong de yiliao wenhua yu fuwu” 保安宮的醫療文化與服務. Dadao 大道 42: 12-15.
---. 2007. “Minjian simiao de yiliao yishi yu xiangzheng ziyuan: yi taibei shi Bao’angong weili” 民間寺廟的醫療儀式與象徵資源-以台北市保安宮為例. Xin shiji zongjiao yanjiu 新世紀宗教研究 6: 4-27.
---. 2014. “Renleixue shiye xia de Taiwan zongjiao yu xingbie yanjiu” 人類學視野下的台灣宗教與性別研究. In Dangdai Taiwan zongjiao yanjiu jingcui lunji: quanshi jiangouzhe qunxiang 當代臺灣宗教研究精粹論及:詮釋建構者群像, edited by Chiang Tsan-teng 江燦騰, 53-72. Xinbei: Boyang.
Chao, Shin-yi. 2002. “A danggi temple in Taipei: spirit-mediums in modern urban Taiwan.” Asia Major 15 (2): 129-156.
Chau, Adam Yuet. 2006. Miraculous response: doing popular religion in contemporary China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Chen Hsiang-Shui 陳祥水. 2000. “Zuxian linglei texing de ge’an yanjiu: qianlun bei gongma “wen” dao de minsu xinyang” 祖先另類特性的個案研究:淺論被公媽「問到」的民俗信仰. Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica 88: 259-273.
Chen Lingrong 陳玲蓉. 1992. Riju shiqi shendao tongzhi xia de Taiwan zongjiao zhengce 日據時期神道統制下的臺灣宗教政策. Taipei: Zili wanbaoshe.new window
Chiang Tsan-teng 江燦騰, ed. 2011. Zhanhou Taiwan Hanchuan Fojiaoshi: cong shuangyuan huiliu dao ni zhongxin hudong chuangbo de kaizhan licheng 戰後臺灣漢傳佛教史:從雙源匯流到逆中心互動傳播的開展歷程. Taipei: Wunan.new window
---. 2012. “Haixia liang’an xiandaixing foxue yanjiu de bainian kaizhan” 海峽兩岸現代性佛學研究的百年開展. Chengda zongjiao yu wenhua xuebao 成大宗教與文化學報 18: 143-78.
Chiu Kun-Liang 邱坤良. 2013. Juchang yu daochang, guanzhong yu xinzhong: Taiwan xiju yu yishi lunji 劇場與道場,觀眾與信眾:臺灣戲劇與儀式論集. Taipei: Yuanliu chuban gongsi.new window
Chou Wan-yao. 1996. “The Kōminka movement in Taiwan and Korea: comparisons and interpretations.” In The Japanese wartime empire, 1931-1945, edited by Peter Duus, et al., 40-68. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
---. 2015. A new illustrated history of Taiwan. Taipei: SMC Publishing.
Chu, Cordia Ming-Yeuk. 1980. “Menstrual beliefs and practices of Chinese women.” Journal of the Folklore Institute 17 (1): 38-55.
Comaroff, Jean. 1985. Body of power, spirit of resistance : the culture and history of a South African people. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Dai Weizhi 戴瑋志, et al. 2013. Tainan chuantong fapai ji qi yishi 台南傳統法派及其儀式. Tainan: Tainan shi wenhuaju.
De Groot, J.J.M. 1882. Jaarlijksche feesten en gebruiken van de Emoy-Chineezen: een vergelijkende bijdrage tot de kennis van onze Chineesche medeburgers op Java. Met uitgebreide monographieën van godheden, die te Emoy worden vereerd. Batavia: W. Bruining & Co.
---. 2014 [1910]. The religious system of China: Its ancient forms, evolution, history, and present aspect. Manners, customs and social institutions connected therewith. 6 vols. Vol. VI. Taipei: SMC Publishing.
Dean, Kenneth, and Zheng Zhenman. 2010. Ritual alliances of the Putian plain: volume one: historical introduction to the return of the gods. Leiden: Brill.
Dow, James. 1986. “Universal aspects of symbolic healing: a theoretical synthesis.” American Anthropologist 88 (1): 56-69.
Durkheim, Emile. 2008 [1912]. Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse: le système totémique en Australie. Paris: PUF.
Endres, Kirsten W. 2008. “Engaging the spirits of the dead: Soul-calling rituals and the perfomative construction of efficacy.” The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 14 (4): 755-773.
Feuchtwang, Stephan. 1974. “City temples in Taipei under three regimes.” In The Chinese city between two worlds, edited by Mark Elvin and G. William Skinner, 263-301. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
---. 2003 [2001]. Popular religion in China: the imperial metaphor. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
---. 2010. The anthropology of religion, charisma and ghosts: Chinese lessons for adequate theory. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Feuchtwang, Stephan, and Wang Mingming. 2001. Grassroots charisma: four local leaders in China. London: Routledge.
Freedman, Maurice. 1994 [1967]. “Ancestor worship: two facets of the Chinese case.” In The study of Chinese society: essays by Maurice Freedman, edited by G. William Skinner, 296-312. Taipei: SMC Publishing.
---. 1994 [1969]. “Geomancy.” In The study of Chinese society: essays by Maurice Freedman, edited by G. William Skinner, 313-333. Taipei: SMC Publishing.
Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The interpretation of cultures. New York: Basic Books.
Goossaert, Vincent. 2004. “Bureaucratic charisma: The Zhang Heavenly Master institution and court Taoists in late-Qing China.” Asia Major 17 (2): 121-159.
---. 2008. “Mapping charisma among Chinese religious specialists.” Nova Religion 12 (2): 12-28.
---. 2011. “Abbés et saints crasseux. Bouddhistes, taoïstes et autorité religieuse en Chine (1400-1911).” In Les autorités religieuses entre charismes et hiérarchie: approches comparatives, edited by Denise Aigle, 117-144. Turnhout: Brepols.
---. 2013. “A Question of Control: Licensing Local Ritual Specialists in Jiangnan, 1850-1950.” In Belief, practice and cultural adaptation: papers from the religion section of the international conference on sinology, edited by Paul R. Katz and Shu-fen Liu, 474-530. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
Goossaert, Vincent, and David A. Palmer. 2011. The religious question in modern China. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Guo Qitao. 2003. Exorcism and money: the symbolic world of the Five-Fury Spirits in late imperial China. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California.
Hansen, Valerie. 1990. Changing gods in medieval China, 1127-1276. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Harner, Michael J. 1990 [1980]. The way of the shaman. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
Harrell, C. Stevan. 1974. “Belief and unbelief in a Taiwan village.” PhD dissertation, Stanford University.
---. 1979. “The concept of soul in Chinese folk religion.” The Journal of Asian Studies 38 (3): 519-528.
---. 1987. “The concept of fate in Chinese folk ideology.” Modern China 13 (1): 90-109.
---. 1991. “Pluralism, performance and meaning in Taiwanese healing: a case study.” Culture, medicine and psychiatry 15: 45-68.
Hong, Keelung, and Stephen O. Murray. 2005. Looking through Taiwan: American anthropologists’ collusion with ethnic domination. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Hong Yingfa 洪瑩發, and Lim Diongjing 林長正. 2013. Tainan chuantong daotan yanjiu 臺南傳統道壇研究. Tainan: Tainan shi wenhuaju.
Hsieh Chung-jung 謝宗榮. 2014. Taiwan de daojiao wenhua yu jidian yishi 臺灣的道教文化與祭典儀式. Taipei: Boyang wenhua.
Hsieh Shu-Wei 謝世維. 2014. “Dangdai Taiwan daojiao yanjiu huigu” 當代臺灣道教研究回顧. In Dangdai Taiwan zongjiao yanjiu jingcui lunji: quanshi jiangouzhe qunxiang 當代臺灣宗教研究精粹論及:詮釋建構者群像, edited by Chiang Tsan-teng 江燦騰, 333-350. Xinbei: Boyang.new window
---. 2016. “Possession and ritual: Daoist and popular healing in Taiwan.” Journal of Daoist Studies 9: 73-100.
Hsieh Tsung-Hui 謝聰輝. 2014. “Guanyu zhuanshu dangdai “Taiwan daojiaoshi” de quanshi jiegou shitan: jianlun taiwan bentu shiye daotan yu daofa chuancheng puxi de xiangguan yanjiu tupo wenti” 關於撰述當代《臺灣道教史》的詮釋建構試探:兼論臺灣本土世業道壇與道法傳承譜系的相關研究突破問題. In Dangdai Taiwan zongjiao yanjiu jingcui lunji: quanshi jiangouzhe qunxiang 當代臺灣宗教研究精粹論及:詮釋建構者群像, edited by Chiang Tsan-teng 江燦騰, 203-222. Xinbei: Boyang.
Hsu, Francis L.K. 1971 [1948]. Under the ancestor’s shadow: kinship, personality, and social mobility in China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Hsu Li-ling 許麗玲. 1997. “Taiwan beibu hongtou fashi fachang buyun yishi ” 臺灣北部紅頭法師法場補運儀式. Minsu Quyi 民俗曲藝 105: 1-146.new window
---. 1997. “Taiwan beibu hongtou fashi fachang buyun yishi songhuo yiduan zhong de qing mangu ” 台灣北部紅頭法師法場補運儀式送陰儀火一段中的「請屘姑」. Funü yu zongjiao 婦女與宗教, Academia Sinica, May 9, 1997.
---. 2001. “Le rituel fachang: Un rituel d’exorcisme et de guérison effectué par les maîtres têtes rouges du nord de Taiwan.” PhD dissertation, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes; Ve section.
---. 2003. “Jibing yu eyun de zhuanyi: Taiwan beibu hongtou fashi dabuyun yishi fenxi” 疾病與厄運的轉移:台灣北部紅頭法師大補運儀式分析. In Xinyang, yishi yu shehui 信仰、儀式與社會, edited by Lin Mei-rong 林美容, 338-365. Taipei: Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica.
Huang, C. Julia. 2009. Charisma and compassion: Cheng Yen and the Buddhist Tzu Chi movement. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Huijigong 惠濟宮. 2007. Zhishan bacui huiji qunsheng: zhishanyan huijigong yiyou nian wuchao qi’an fujiao 芝山拔萃惠濟群生: 芝山巖惠濟宮乙酉年五朝祈安福醮 Taipei: Huijigong.
Humphrey, Caroline, and James Laidlaw. 1994. The archetypical actions of ritual: a theory of ritual illustrated by the Jain rite of worship. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Hymes, Robert. 2002. Way and byway: Taoism, local religion, and models of divinity in Sung and modern China. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Jingfugong 景福宮. 1962. Jingfugong qi’an jianjiao jinianzhi 景福宮祈安建醮紀念誌. Taoyuan: Jingfugong.
---. 1992. Jingfugong qingcheng qi’an wanjiao jinianzhi 景福宮慶成祈安完醮紀念誌. Taoyuan: Jingfugong.
---. 1998. Jingfugong qi’an jianjiao jinianzhi 景福宮祈安建醮紀念誌. Taoyuan: Jingfugong.
---. n.d. Guiwei nian jingfugong qi’an wanjiao jiaozhi (92) 癸未年景福宮祈安完醮醮志 (92). Taoyuan: Jingfugong.
---. n.d. Yichou nian Jingfugong qi’an jianjiao jiaozhi (98) 己丑年景福宮祈安建醮醮志(98). Taoyuan: Jingfugong.
Johnson, David. 2009. Spectacle and sacrifice: the ritual foundations of village life in North China. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center.
Jones, Charles Brewer. 1999. Buddhism in Taiwan: religion and the state 1660-1990. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i press.
---. 2003. “Religion in Taiwan at the end of the Japanese colonial period.” In Religion in modern Taiwan: Tradition and innovation in a Changing society, edited by Philip Clart and Charles Brewer Jones, 10-35. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
Jones, Stephen. 2010. In search of the folk Daoists of north China. Farnham: Ashgate.
Jordan, David K. 1972. Gods, ghosts and ancestors: the folk religion of a Taiwanese village. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
---. 1982. “Taiwanese poe divination: statistical awareness and religious belief.” Journal for the scientific study of religion 21 (2): 114-8.
---. 1994. “Changes in postwar Taiwan and their impact on the popular practice of religion.” In Cultural Change in Postwar Taiwan, edited by C. Stevan Harrell and Chün-chieh Huang. Taipei: SMC.
Jordan, David K, and Daniel Overmyer. 1986. The flying phoenix: aspects of chinese sectarianism in Taiwan. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Kajiwara Michiyoshi 梶原通好. 1941. Taiwan nōmin seikatsu kō 台灣農民生活考. Taipei: Ogata Taketoshi.
Kang Shih-Yu 康詩瑀. 2013. “Zhanhou daojiao dushi shehui zhi bianqian: yi Gaoxiong daodeyuan zhi shenzhi renyuan ji qi suo canyu yishi huodong wei taolun zhongxin 戰後道教與都市社會之變遷 ─ 以高雄道德院之神職人員及其所參與儀式活動為討論中心.” Ph.D dissertation, Department of History, National Chung Cheng University.new window
Katz, Paul R. 2003. “Religion and the state in post-war Taiwan.” The China Quarterly 174: 395-412.
---. 2005. When valleys turned blood red: the Ta-pa-ni incident in colonial Taiwan. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
Kleeman, Terry F. 2016. Celestial masters: history and ritual in Early Daoist communities. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center.
Kleinman, Arthur. 1980. Patients and healers in the context of culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kleinman, Arthur, and Lilias H. Sung. 1979. “Why do indigenous practitioners successfully heal?” Social science and medicine 13B: 7-26.
Klöter, Henning. 2005. Written Taiwanese. Wiesbaden: Hassassowitz Verlag.
Kreinath, Jens. 2004. “Theoretical afterthoughts.” In The dynamics of changing rituals: the transformation of religious rituals within their social and cultural context, edited by Jens Kreinath, et al., 267-282. New York: Peter Lang.
Kuepers, John. 1977. “A description of the fa-ch’ang ritual as practiced by the Lü-shan Taoists of northern Taiwan.” In Buddhist and Taoist studies, edited by Michael Saso and David W. Chappell, 79-94. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.
Lagerwey, John. 1987. Taoist ritual in Chinese society and history. New York: Macmillan.
---. 1987. “Les Têtes des démons tombent par milliers: le fachang, rituel exorciste du nord de Taiwan.” L’Homme (101): 101-116.
---. 1988. “Les lignées taoïstes du Nord de Taiwan.” Cahiers d’Extrême-Asie 4: 127-143.
---. 1989. “The fachang ritual in northern Taiwan.” In Studies of taoist rituals and music of today, edited by Pen-Yeh Tsao and Daniel P.L. Law, 66-73. Hong Kong: The society for ethnomusical research in Hong Kong.
---. 1989-1990. “Les lignées taoïstes du Nord de Taiwan (suite et fin).” Cahiers d’Extrême-Asie 5: 355-368.
---. 2013. “Wuchang exorcisms: an ethno-historical interpretation.” In Belief, practice and cultural adaptation: papers from the religion section of the international conference on sinology, edited by Paul R. Katz and Shu-fen Liu, 474-530. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
Laliberté, André. 2004. The politics of Buddhist organizations in Taiwan, 1989-2003 : safeguarding the faith, building a pure land, helping the poor. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
Lamley, Harry J. 2007. “Taiwan under Japanese rule, 1895-1945.” In Taiwan: a new history (expanded edition), edited by Murray A. Rubinstein. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe.
Lee, Boon-Ooi, et al. 2010. “Therapeutic processes and perceived helpfulness of dang-ki (Chinese shamanism) from the symbolic healing perspective.” Culture, medicine and psychiatry 34: 56-105.
Lee Fong-mao 李豐楙. 1989. “Zhenlangong jian jiao keyi zhi tantao” 鎮瀾宮建醮科儀之探討. Minsu Quyi 民俗曲藝 58: 23-45.new window
---, ed. 1998. Donggang Donglonggong jiaozhi: dingchou nian jiuchao qingcheng xie’en shuihuo qi''an qingjiao 東港東隆宮醮誌:丁丑年九朝慶成謝恩水火祈安清醮. Taipei: Taiwan xuesheng shuju.
---. 1999. “Sha: yige feichang de yuzhou xianxiang” 煞:一個非常的宇宙現象. Lishi yuekan 歷史月刊 132: 36-41.
---. 2000. “Zhongbu shanxian daoshi hangyequan: Chen, Li liang ge daotan de hezuo yu chuancheng” 中部山線道士行業圈:陳、李兩個道壇的合作與傳承. In Daojiao wenhua de jinghua 道教文化的精華, edited by Zheng Zhiming 鄭志明, 159-203. Dalin: Nanhua Zongjiao zhongxin.
---. 2003. “The Daoist priesthood and secular society: two aspects of postwar Taiwanese Daoism.” In Religion in modern Taiwan: tradition and innovation in a changing society, edited by Philip Clart and Charles Brewer Jones, 125-157. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
---. 2011. “Dao fa er men: Taiwan zhong, beibu de dao, fa fuhe” 道法二門:台灣中北部的道法複合. In Zhongguo difang zongjiao yishi lunji 中國地方宗教儀式論集, edited by Tan Weilun 譚偉倫, 147-180. Hong Kong: Centre for the study of religion and Chinese society, Chung Chi college, Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Lee Li-liang 李麗涼. 2012. Guzhong yugong: Huang Qinglong daozhang de shengmingshi 鼓鐘于宮-黃清龍道長的生命史. Xinbei: Xinbeishi wenhuaju.
---. 2012. Yidai tiashi: Zhang Enpu yu Taiwan daojiao 弌代天師-張恩溥與臺灣道教. Taipei: Guoshiguan.
Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 1963. Structural Anthropology. New York: Basic Books.
Li Chien-Te 李建德. 2013. “Taiwan daojiao zongpai yunyong zhi ji qi yihan tanxi” 臺灣道教宗派運用之〈步虛詞〉及其意涵探析. Zhanghua shida guowen xuezhi 彰化師大國文學誌 27: 207-236.new window
Li Xianzhang 李献璋. 1969. “Daojiao jiaoyi de kaizhan yu xiandai de jiao: yi Taiwan Zhanghua Nanyaogong de qingcheng jiao wei xiandaijiao li” 道教醮義的開展與現代的醮-以臺灣彰化南瑤宮的慶成醮為現代醮例. Chūgokugaku shi 中國學誌 5: 201-262.
Li Yih-Yuan 李亦園. 1976. “Chinese geomancy and ancestor worship.” In Ancestors, edited by William H. Newell, 329-338. The Hague: Mouton.
---. 1993. “Zhanghui xiaoshuo “ping min shiba dong” de minzuxue yanjiu” 章回小說《平閩十八洞》的民族學研究. Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology 76: 1-20.
Li Youkun 李游坤. 2011. “Taiwan Jilong Guangyuantan de chuancheng yu yanbian yanjiu 臺灣基隆廣遠壇的傳承與演變研究.” Master’s thesis, Department of religious studies, Fu Jen University.
Liao Hetong 廖和桐, ed. 1977. Taiwan daoshi mingjian 台灣道士明鑑. Huwei: Daode wenhua chubanshe.
Lin Chen-Yuan 林振源. 2002. “Le taoïsme du sud-est du Fujian.” DEA, École pratique des hautes études.
---. 2007. “Minnan Kejia diqu de daojiao yishi: sanchao jiao ge’an” 閩南客家地區的道教儀式:三朝醮個案. Minsu Quyi 民俗曲藝 158: 197-253.
---. 2008. “Pour un «Taoïsme de proximité»: les petits rituels taoïstes quotidiens à Taiwan.” In Le Sacré en Chine, edited by Michel Masson. Turnhout: Brepols.
---. 2008. “Minjian daojiao yishi de chuancheng yu biange 民間道教儀式的傳承與變革.” In Di liu jie guoji qingnian xuezhe hanxue huiyi: Minjian wenxue yu hanxue yanjiu lunwenji 第六屆國際青年學者漢學會議:民間文學與韓雪研究論文集, edited by Taidong daxue renwen xueyuan 台東大學人文學院, 347-367. Taipei: Wanjuanlou.
---. 2011. “Chishui jintan: Taiwan beibu daojiao jiaoyi zhong de quxiefa” 敕水禁壇:臺灣北部道教醮儀中的驅邪法. In Exorcism in Daoism: a Berlin symposium, edited by Florian C. Reiter, 171-194. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
---. 2013. “Fujian zhao’an kejia diqu de daojiao yishi” 福建詔安客家地區的道教儀式. In Difang daojiao yishi shidi diaocha bijiao yanjiu guoji xueshu yantaohui lunwenji 「地方道教儀式實地調查比較研究」國際學術研討會論文集, edited by Lü Pengzhi 呂鵬志 and Lao Gewen 勞格文 [John Lagerwey], 343-372. Taipei: Xin Wenfeng chuban gongsi.new window
---. 2014. “Zheng xie zhi bian, dao fa zhi he: Taiwan beibu daofa ermen yuanliu” 正邪之辨、道法之合:臺灣北部道法二門源流. Huaren Zongjiao Yanjiu 華人宗教研究 4: 43-57.
Lin Wanchuan 林萬傳. 1979. “Jingmei Wanqingyan Qingshui Zushi houdian qingcheng jianjiao jilüe” 景美萬慶巖清水祖師後殿慶成建醮記略. Taibei wenxian 臺北文獻 49-50: 415-417.
Lin Wei-Ping. 2012. “Son of Man or Son of God? The Spirit Medium in Chinese Popular Religion.” In Affiliation and Transmission in Daoism, edited by Florian C. Reiter. Berlin: Harrassowitz Verlag.
---. 2015. Materializing magical power: Chinese popular religion in villages and cities. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center.
Lin Zhengfang 林正芳, ed. 2011. Toucheng qianggu: lishi, jidian yu gongyi 頭城搶孤:歷史、祭典與工藝. Toucheng: Lanyang bowuguan.
Lincoln, Bruce. 1994. Authority: construction and corrosion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lindquist, Galina. 2007. “Beyond meaning: globalization and the icons of power.” Anthropology and medicine 14 (3): 307-320.
Ling Wen-Chien 凌文倩. 2016. “Taibei Bao''angong renchen nian wuchao chou''en yuanjiao daoshituan yanjiu 台北保安宮壬辰年五朝酧恩圓醮道士團研究.” Master’s thesis, Department of religious studies, Fu Jen University.
Liu Chi-wan 劉枝萬. 1967. Taipei shi Songshan qi’an jianjiao jidian 台北市松山祈安建醮祭典. Nangang: Zhongyang yanjiuyuan minzusuo.
---. 1974. Zhongguo minjian xinyang lunji 中國民間信仰論集. Taipei: Institute of ethnology, Academia Sinica.
---. 1992 [1983]. “Taiwan de daojiao ” 台灣的道教. In Daojiao 道教, edited by Fukui Kōjun 福井康順, et al., 116-154. Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe.
---. 1994. Taiwan no dōkyō to minkan shinkō 台湾の道教と民間信仰. Tokyo: Fukyōsha.
---. 2008. Xuehai youyou: Liu Zhiwan xiansheng fangtanlu 學海悠遊 : 劉枝萬先生訪談錄. Xindian: Guoshiguan.
---. 2008 [1983]. Taiwan minjian xinyang lunji 臺灣民間信仰論集. Taipei: Lianjing.
Lü Ch’ui-k’uan 呂錘寬. 1994. Taiwan de daojiao yishi yu yinyue 台灣的道教儀式與音樂. Taipei: Xueyi chubanshe.new window
---. 2005. Taiwan chuantong yinyue gailun, geyue pian 臺灣傳統音樂概論·歌樂篇. Taipei: Wunan.
---. 2009. Daojiao yishi yu yinyue zhi shenshengxing yu shisuhua 道教儀式與音樂之神聖性與世俗化. 2 vols. Taichung: Wenjianhui.
---. 2011. Beiguan yinyue 北管音樂. Taichung: Xingchen.
---. 2015. Chen Rongsheng shengmingshi ji daojiao keyi yishu 陳榮盛生命史暨道教科儀技術. Tainan: Tainan shizhengfu wenhuaju.
Lu Li-Cheng 呂理政. 2000. Chuantong xinyang yu xiandai shehui 傳統信仰與現代社會. Banqiao: Daoxiang chubanshe.new window
Madsen, Richard. 2007. Democracy’s dharma: religious renaissance and political development in Taiwan. Berkeley: University of California Press.
---. 2008. “Religious Renaissance and Taiwan’s Modern Middle Classes.” In Chinese Religiosities: Afflictions of Modernity and State Formation, edited by Mayfair Mei-hui Yang. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Marui Keijiro 丸井圭治郎. 1915. Kyūkan ni yoru Taiwan syūkyou gaiyou 舊慣ニ依ル臺灣宗敎槪要. n.p.: n.p.
Marui Keijirō 丸井圭治郎. 1974 [1919]. Taiwan shukyō chosa hokosho 臺灣宗教調查報告書. 2 vols. Taipei: The Orient Cultural Service.
McCreery, John L. 1973. “The symbolism of popular Taoist magic.” PhD dissertation, Cornell University.
---. 1979. “Potential and effective meaning in therapeutic ritual.” Culture, medicine and psychiatry 3: 53-72.
---. 1990. “Why don’t we see some real money here? Offerings in Chinese religion.” Journal of Chinese Religions 18 (1): 1-24.
---. 1995. “Negotiating with demons: the uses of magical language.” American Ethnologist 22 (1): 144-164.
Meulenbelt, Mark. 2016. “Daoist modes of perception: “registering” the living manifestations of Sire Thunder, and why Zhuang Zi is relevant.” Daoism: Religion, History and Society 8: 35-91.
Moore, Sally F., and Barbara G. Myerhoff. 1977. “Introduction: secular ritual: forms and meanings.” In Secular ritual, edited by Sally F. Moore and Barbara G. Myerhoff. Assen: Van Gorcum.
Moskowitz, Marc L. 2001. The haunting fetus: abortion, sexuality and the spirit world in Taiwan. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
Nadeau, Randall, and Chang Hsun. 2003. “Gods, ghosts and ancestors: religious studies and the question of “Taiwanese identity”.” In Religion in modern Taiwan: tradition and innovation in a changing society, edited by Philip Clart and Charles Brewer Jones. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
Ōfuchi Ninji 大淵忍爾. 2005. Chūgokujin no shūkyō girei: dōkyō hen 中國人の宗教儀礼—道教篇. Tokyo: Fūkyōsha.
Quack, Johannes, and Paul Töbelmann. 2010. “Questioning “ritual efficacy”.” Journal of ritual studies 24 (1): 13-26.
Reiter, Florian C. 1992. “Conditions, ways and means of healing in the perspective of the Chinese Taoist.” Oriens 33: 348-362.
Sangren, P. Steven. 1987. History and magical power in a Chinese community. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
---. 1996. “Myths, gods and family relations.” In Unruly gods: divinity and society in China, edited by Meir Shahar and Robert P. Weller. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
Saso, Michael, ed. 1975. Zhuanglin xu daozang 莊林續道藏. 25 vols. Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe.
---. 1989. “The structure of Taoist liturgy in Taiwan.” In Studies of taoist rituals and music of today, edited by Pen-Yeh Tsao and Daniel P.L. Law, 36-65. Hong Kong: The society for ethnomusical research in Hong Kong.
---. 1990. Taoism and the rite of cosmic renewal. Pullman: Washington University Press.
---. 2000 [1978]. Taoist master Chuang. Eldorado Springs: Sacred Mountain Press.
Schipper, Kristofer. 1966. “Taiwan zhi daojiao wenxian” 臺灣之道教文獻. Taiwan wenxian 臺灣文獻 17 (3): 173-192.
---. 1974. “The written memorial in Taoist ceremonies.” In Religion and ritual in Chinese society, edited by Arthur Wolf, 309-24. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
---. 1975. Le Fen-teng: rituel taoiste. Paris: École Française d’extrême-orient.
---. 1985. “Vernacular and classical ritual in Taoism.” Journal of Asian Studies 45 (1): 21-57.
---. 1989. “A study of buxu (步虛): taoist liturgical hymn and dance.” In Studies of taoist rituals and music of today, edited by Pen-Yeh Tsao and Daniel P.L. Law, 110-120. Hong Kong: The society for ethnomusical research in Hong Kong.
---. 1993 [1982]. The Taoist body. Berkeley: University of California Press.
---. 1995. “The history of Taoist studies in Europe.” In Europe studies China: papers from an international conference on the history of European sinology, edited by Ming Wilson and John Cayley, 467-491. London: Han-Shan Tang Books.
---. 2008 [1990]. “La purification de l’autel: essai d’analyse formelle du rituel.” In La religion de la Chine: la tradition vivante, 329-353. Paris: Fayard.
Schipper, Kristofer, and Franciscus Verellen, eds. 2004. The Taoist canon: a historical companion to the Daozang. 3 vols. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Seaman, Gary. 1997 [1981]. “The sexual politics of karmic retribution.” In The anthropology of Taiwanese Society, edited by Emily M. Ahern and Hill Gates. Taipei: SMC Publishing.
Seidel, Anna. 1989-1990. “Chronicle of Taoist Studies in the West 1950-1990.” Cahiers d’Extrême-Asie 5: 223-347.
Shahar, Meir, and Robert P. Weller, eds. 1996. Unruly gods: divinity and society in China. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
Shengxiantang 聖賢堂. 2013 [1976]. Diyu youji 地獄遊記. Taichung: Taizhong Shengxiantang Shengxian zazhishe.
Shinkai Nori 新開教. 1939. “Kokutai to shūkyō ni tsuite – Taiwan Rōshi Dōkyōkai kōshūroku” 國體と宗教に就いてー臺灣老子道教會講習錄. Nanei Bukkyō 南瀛佛教 17 (5): 9-16.
Songshan Cihuitang 松山慈惠堂. 2008. Yaochi xian ruicai cihui ze shuli: Songshan Cihuitang 35 zhounian wuchao qingchao qi’an dadian 瑤池獻瑞彩慈惠澤庶黎:松山慈惠堂35週年五朝清醮祈安大典. Taipei: Songshan Cihuitang.
Stewart, Pamela J., and Andrew Strathern, eds. 2009. Religious and ritual change: cosmologies and histories. Durham: Carolina Academic Press.
Strickmann, Michel. 1980. “History, anthropology and Chinese religion.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 40 (1): 201-248.
Sung Jin-shiu 宋錦秀. 1994. Kuilei, chusha yu xiangzheng 傀儡、除煞與象徵. Banqiao: Daoxiang chubanshe.
Sung Kwang-yu. 1990. “Religion and society in Ch’ing and Japanese colonial Taipei.” PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
Sutton, Donald S. 2003. Steps of perfection: exorcistic performers and Chinese religion in twentieth-century Taiwan. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.
Suzuki Seiichirō 鈴木清一郎. 2000 [1934]. Taiwan jiuguan xisu xinyang 臺灣舊慣習俗信仰. Taipei: Zhongwen tushu gongsi.
Tai Ju-feng 戴如豐. 2007. “Xixue yu shenmi: Taiwan beibu zhengyi pai hongtou fashi shichang shouhun fashi fenxi 戲謔與神秘:台灣北部正一派紅頭法師獅場收魂法事分析.” Master’s thesis, Nanhua University.
Taiwan jisha shūkyōkankōkai 臺灣社寺宗教刊行會. 2009 [1933]. “Taiwan she si zongjiao yaolan Taibei zhou” 台灣社寺宗教要覽台北州. In Minjian sicang Taiwan zongjiao ziliao huibian: minjian xinyang, minjian wenhua; di yi ji, di ershiba ce 民間私藏臺灣宗教資料彙編:民間信仰.民間文化;第一輯,第二十八冊, edited by Wang Chien-ch’uan 王見川, et al., 1-288. Luzhou: Boyang wenhua.
Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja. 1985. Culture, thought and social action: an anthropological perspective. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.
Ter Haar, Barend. 1999 [1992]. The White Lotus teachings in Chinese religious history. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
---. 2014. Practicing scripture: a lay Buddhist movement in late imperial China. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
Tsao Pen-Yeh 曹本冶, and Pu Xiangqiang 蒲享強. 1993. Wudangshan daojiao yinyue yanjiu 武當山道教音樂研究. Taipei: Taiwan shangwu.
Tylor, Edward B. 1920. Primitive culture: researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, language, art, and custom. 2 vols. London: John Murray.
Wada Baku 和田漠. 1942. “Antau saigon” 紅頭師公. Minzoku Taiwan 民俗臺灣 12: 5-9.
Waldram, James. 2001. “The efficacy of traditional medicine: current theoretical and methodological issues.” Medical Anthropology Quarterly 14 (4): 603-625.
Wang Chien-ch’uan 王見川. 2002. “Taiwan daojiao sumiao: Daojiao zai Taiwan de fazhan 台灣道教素描:道教在台灣的發展” 台灣道教素描:道教在台灣的發展. In Taiwan zongjiao yuelan 台灣宗教閱覽, edited by Li Shiwei 李世偉, 32-45. Luzhou: Boyang.
---. 2014. “Taiwan Zhang tianshi yanjiu xinlun: youguan liushisan dai tianshi Zhang Enpu ji qi houjizhe de fenzheng shangque” 臺灣張天師研究新論:有關六十三代天師張恩溥及其後繼者的紛爭商榷. In Dangdai Taiwan zongjiao yanjiu jingcui lunji: quanshi jiangouzhe qunxiang 當代臺灣宗教研究精粹論及:詮釋建構者群像, edited by Chiang Tsan-teng 江燦騰. Xinbei: Boyang.
Wang Ying-Fen 王櫻芬. 2008. Tingjian zhimindi: Heize Longchao yu zhanshi Taiwan yinyue diaocha (1943) 聽見殖民地:黑澤隆朝與戰時臺灣音樂調查(1943). Taipei: Guoli Taiwan daxue tushuguan.new window
Watson, James L. 1985. “Standardizing the Gods: The Promotion of T’ien Hou (“Empress of Heaven”) along the South China Coast, 960-1960.” In Popular Culture in Late Imperial China, edited by David Johnson, et al., 292-324. Berkeley: University of California Press.
---. 1991 [1988]. “The structure of Chinese funerary rites: elementary forms, ritual sequence, and the primacy of performance.” In Death ritual in late imperial and modern China, edited by James L. Watson and Evelyn S. Rawski, 3-19. Taipei: SMC.
Weber, Max. 1968 [1915]. The religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism. New York: The Free Press.
---. 1978 [1922]. Economy and society. 2 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Welch, Holmes. 1957-8. “The Chang T’ien Shih and Taoism in China.” Journal of Oriental Studies 4: 188-212.
Weller, Robert P. 1987. Unities and diversities in Chinese religion. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
---. 2000. “Living at the edge: religion, capitalism, and the end of the nation-state in Taiwan.” Public Culture 12 (2): 477-498.
---. 2004. “Worships, teachings and state power in China and Taiwan.” In Realms of freedom in modern China, edited by William C. Kirby, 285-314. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
---. 2007. “Identity and social change in Taiwanese religion.” In Taiwan: a new history, expanded edition, edited by Murray A. Rubinstein. Armond: M.E. Sharpe.
---. 2015. “Global religious changes and civil life in two Chinese societies: a comparison of Jiangsu and Taiwan.” The review of faith & international affairs 13: 13-24.
Wen Tsung Han 溫宗翰. 2013. Taiwan Duanwujie qingdian yishi yu xinyang xisu yanjiu 台灣端午節慶典儀式與信仰習俗研究. New Taipei City: Hua Mulan wenhua chubanshe.
Wu Huey-fang 吳蕙芳. 2012. “Xu Zisang yu Rizhi shiqi de jilong zhongyuan” 許梓桑與日治時期的基隆中元祭. Guoli zhengzhi daxue lishi xuebao 國立政治大學歷史學報 37: 147-196.new window
Wu Micha. 2006. “The nature of Minzoku Taiwan and the context in which it was published.” In Taiwan under Japanese colonial rule, 1895-1945: history, culture, memory, edited by Liao Ping-hui and David Der-wei Wang, 358-387. New York: Columbia University Press.
Xinzhuang Cihuitang 新莊慈惠堂. 2014. Xinzhuang Cihuitang 2013 guisi nian wuchao fucheng yuanjiao zhi 新莊慈惠堂2013癸巳年五朝福成圓醮志. Xinzhuang: Xinzhuang Cihuitang.
Yang Shih-hsien 楊士賢. 2011. Taiwan Minnan sangli wenhua yu minjian wenxue 臺灣閩南喪禮文化與民間文學. Xinbei: Boyang wenhua.
Yeh Chuen-rong 葉春榮. 1999. “Fengshui yu baoying: yige Taiwan nongcun de lizi” 風水與報應:一個台灣農村的例子. Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica 88: 233-257.
---. 2006. “Cuo, zuxian yu shenming: jianlun hanren de yuzhouguan” 厝、祖先與神明:兼論漢人的宇宙觀. In Taiwan bentu zongjiao yanjiu: jieguo yu bianyi 臺灣本土宗教研究:結果與變異, edited by Chang Hsun 張珣 and Yeh Chuen-rong 葉春榮. Taipei: Nantian.
---. 2013. “Taiwan jijie yishi: yishi biaozhunhua wenti” 臺灣祭解儀式:儀式標準化問題. In Hanren minzhong zongjiao yanjiu: tianyu yu lilun de jiehe 漢人民眾宗教研究:田野與理論的結合, edited by Chang Hsun 張珣. Taipei: Academia Sinica.new window
---. 2013. “Dao yu fa: cong lishi fazhan kan yujiapai 道與法:從歷史發展看瑜珈派.” 2013 nian shou jie taiwan daojiao xueshu yantaohui daojiao zhaijiao yishi yu taiwan shehui wenhua 2013年首屆「臺灣道教」學術研討會道教齋醮儀式與台灣社會文化, Aletheia University.
Yen Mei Chuan 顏美娟. 2013. “Xinzhu shi Xiangshan qu Taichu Xuanqinggong yuanchen zhangjiao zhi yanjiu 新竹市香山區太初玄清宮元辰章醮之研究.” Master’s thesis, Hsuan Chuang University.
Yongliansi 湧蓮寺. 1998. Luzhou Yongliansi dingchou nian wuchao qingcheng qi’an fujiaozhi 蘆洲湧蓮寺丁丑年五朝慶成祈安福醮誌. Luzhou: Yongliansi.
---. 2010. Luzhou Yongliansi yichou nian wuchao fu chengyuan jiaozhi 蘆洲湧蓮寺己丑年五朝福成圓醮志. Luzhou: Yongliansi.
Yü, Chün-fang. 2013. Passing the light: the Incense Light community and Buddhist nuns in contemporary Taiwan. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
Zeng Jinglai 曾景來. 1938. Taiwan shūkyō to meishin rōshū 臺灣宗敎と迷信陋習. Taipei: Taiwan Shūkyō Kenkyūkai.
Zhang Enpu 張恩溥. 1954. Zhengyi baibiao keshu 正一拜表科書. n.p.: Sihan Tianshifu.
Zhang Jianbin 張建彬. 1990 [1943]. “Guanyu qiyu de xingshi” 關於祈雨的行事. In Minsu Taiwan 民俗臺灣, edited by Lin Chuanfu 林川夫, 124-129. Taipei: Wuling.
Zhixuangong 指玄宮. 1993. Danan Zhixuangong qingcheng qi’an wanjiao jinianzhi 大湳指玄宮慶成祈安完醮紀念誌. n.p.: Danan Zhixuangong.
---. 1998. Danan Zhixuangong qingcheng qi’an jianjiao jinianzhi 大湳指玄宮慶成祈安建醮紀念誌. n.p.: Danan Zhixuangong.
 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
:::
無相關著作
 
無相關點閱
 
QR Code
QRCODE