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題名:就業、家庭和通往性別平等的生命歷程體制: 比較台灣與德國之政策變遷與生命歷程
作者:林怡君
作者(外文):LIN, YI-JIUN
校院名稱:國立中正大學
系所名稱:社會福利研究所
指導教授:張世雄
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2019
主題關鍵詞:就業-家庭政策家庭主義性別平等生命歷程研究familialismgender equalitylife course researchpolicy change
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伴隨社會及經濟結構快速變遷,多數已發展國家正面臨低生育率及人口老化的挑戰,台灣也不例外。究其原因,女性必須在工作與家庭之間取捨,而帶來低生育率、照顧危機的課題,各國就業-家庭政策回應的目標在性別平等、促進就業、促進家庭之間相互競合,並受到家庭文化的影響。跨國政策設計及政策結果的差異與性別平權主義普及程度有關。為探討家庭主義國家在邁向性別平等的過程中,政策發展所採取的路徑,本研究以生命歷程研究取徑,比較分析台灣及德國的政策變遷、政策隱含的文化價值,及其對於個人生命歷程的影響。
台灣及德國在1990年代初期皆為男性養家模式,自1990年至2015年之間的就業-家庭政策具有不同走向。在勞動市場中的性別平等政策發展路徑相似,從母性保護、到就業機會平等、再到平衡家庭與工作,日漸重視女性經濟自立。然而在家庭政策方面,台灣的政策發展不論是兒童照顧或老人照顧,均傾向將一切問題留待家庭或市場力量解決,多是提供有條件的給付且額度不高,工時規範並未放寬,家庭政策顯得零碎而以補助及照顧商品化為主要策略。德國的政策發展歷經多次變革,逐漸朝向家庭化及去家庭化並存的策略,承認家庭照顧的價值亦試圖增加男性的照顧角色。
量化分析結果顯示,由於台灣政策實質延續男性養家女性照顧的分工理念,使得台灣男性並未改變就業模式,婚後承擔養家角色,台灣女性在婚育後視家庭資源及機會成本選擇就業或照顧;德國政策促使德國男性就業模式略有改變,在照顧0-3歲子女及同住父母時會調整/改變就業時間,德國女性則因公共托育設計及子女年齡有不同工時安排。據此,同樣是強調家庭照顧,制度及文化作用在個人、並進而形成的社會後果,在難以兼顧全職工作的情況下,德國女性選擇不生的比例較高,而有生育的女性中,台灣女性平均生育數較少。此外,台灣的家庭關係較為緊密、德國則是單人家戶比例甚高。
整體而言,兩國政策同樣是維護「家庭」制度,方式卻大有不同。台灣政策鞏固了家庭角色分工(與婚姻有關),主要是因為儒家文化的影響,女性角色鑲嵌在家屬及親族關係中,無法輕易以西方個人主義式平權的思維來促進性別平等。德國近年政策試圖改變固有的性別文化,鼓勵男性照顧及維持穩定家庭關係(與婚姻無關),某種程度的典範轉移及可能帶來改變。依據兩國經驗,家庭主義政策必須透過肯定「去性別化」的照顧價值,才有可能通往性別平等。
Accompanied with rapid changes of social and economic structure in recent decades, many developed countries encounter the trends of low fertility rate and aging population. Responding to such challenges, various combination of employment and family policies were implemented, dealing with issues of gender equality, female labor participation, fertility and caregiving. Resulting cross-national difference in policy ideas and outcomes are related to the degree of gender egalitarianism among countries. To unfold the policy developments in familialism countries while moving towards gender equality, this study use life course approach to investigage the dynamics of policy changes, determinants of individual employment transitions, and interrelated impacts on individual arrangements in work and family life.
Taiwan and Germany, though classified in different welfare regimes, are countries addressing familistic values. In terms of employment-family policy changes between 1990 and 2015, both went through a similar path, from principals of maternal protection toward equal employment opportunities and balancing family and work. However, they take different routes to reform family policies. Policies in Taiwan appears not only to be fragmented and subsidiary, but also to leave care needs to family or market. German policies had undergone many reforms, from familialization to re-familialization, recognizing the value of family care and trying to encourage more men to involve in care.
As a result, individual employment transition patterns are based on family events and shaped by policies. In Taiwan, men remain to be breadwinners, and women’s decisions about work or care count on family resources after getting married and having child(ren). By contrast, German women and men work part-time while taking care of children or frail parents. What’s more, institutional constranits induce German women more incline towards choosing career instead of child, and Taiwanese women towards having fewer children. Also, family relationship is closer in Taiwan, whereas single household is a bit prevalent in Germany.
All in all, both countries try to preserve "family" institution, though in different ways. Policies in Taiwan continue consolidating gender roles by marital relationship, making women be more likely to abide by the norms that reflect Confucianism family values. To the contrary, recent policy reforms in Germany aim at encouraging fathers’ role in caregiving and promoting stable family relationship, which reflect paradigm shift and may bring about changes in gendered life course. It suggests that it may be possible to achieve gender equality if familialism policies recognize de-gendered care value that transform tradtional family norms.
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