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題名:基督信仰下的受苦轉化:一個存在現象學的研究
作者:蔡恆翠
作者(外文):Tsai, Heng-Tsui
校院名稱:國立彰化師範大學
系所名稱:輔導與諮商學系
指導教授:劉淑慧
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2019
主題關鍵詞:存在現象學受苦轉化經驗時間性基督教處境奧秘籌劃Christianexistential phenomenologymysteryprojectingsituatednesstemporalitytransitional experience of suffering
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諮商與心理治療的核心議題為人類之受苦經驗與轉變歷程,探討人類為何受苦以及如何離苦,靈性在受苦歷程中扮演重要的角色,宗教常成為靈性滋養的途徑,基督教為全球三大宗教之一且人數逐年攀升,因而本研究探討基督徒靈性受苦轉變經驗。本研究首先整理存在現象學對受苦與離苦的論述,爬梳Heidegger和Sartre對人類受苦的觀點;繼而彙整本土心理學對受苦與離苦的相關研究,從處境、籌劃、時間性、奧秘細細描繪受苦與離苦經驗;最後整理聖經靈性與基督徒的受苦與離苦的相關文獻。
本研究採用存在現象學視框,以Gee七項言語情境分析任務作為語言學線索,落實Heidegger的存有學分析,以達真理的開顯與存有的展現。藉由聖經約伯記以及三位曾經受苦又離苦的基督徒之訪談這兩種不同形式的文本分析,描述、還原、直觀、揭露此有(dasein)的存有(sein),提供受苦與離苦經驗之存有學描述,並闡明離苦與奧祕的關係。
研究發現:(1)基督徒以「我」的觀點進行各種「要求」行為,在「人與世界」以及「人與神」的雙重斷裂下,開顯出「拒絕連結、所求落空」的受苦處境,揭示出基督徒受苦經驗之「在沉浮中找答案」的本質。(2)基督徒擬「神」的觀點進行各種「順應」行為,在「人與世界」以及「人與神」的雙重療癒下,開顯出「接受連結、面對如實」的離苦處境,揭示出基督徒離苦經驗之「在臣服中尋美意」的籌劃整體。(3)基督徒的受苦轉化結構分別為「固守立場─人世交往」、「悅納開放─人世交往」、「固守立場─奧秘交往」、「悅納開放─奧秘交往」四個象限,所構成的「我役於苦」、「苦役於我」、「神為我僕」以及「我為神僕」四種模式。(4)「關鍵事件衝擊」啟動了基督徒受苦轉化,開顯出在世存有「靠亦不靠」的本真面貌,透過不斷地反思、探問、詮釋,往返於「我者-他者」、「斷裂-療癒」、「空間-時間」的辯證過程,這是一個持續不斷的動態變化歷程,「本真開顯」無所謂的「已完成」(done),而是不斷的「進行中」(being)。本研究除了從諮商與心理治療理論、本土心理學相關論述、基督教信仰相關研究等進行受苦轉化對話外,並對諮商實務工作者與未來研究提出具體建議。
關鍵詞:存在現象學、受苦轉化經驗、時間性、基督教、處境、奧秘、籌劃
Human’s experience of suffering and the process of change have always been the core issues in counseling and psychotherapy. When it comes to exam why we suffer and how we rid of the suffering, spirituality plays an important role. Religion is a common way to nourish the spirituality. Christianity is one of the three major religions in the world and its population is rising year after year. This research aimed to explore the experience of spiritual suffering among Christians. Firstly, the literature of existential phenomenology on suffering and rid of suffering, including Heidegger’s and Sartre’s viewpoints, were reviewed. Then relevant research in local psychology on suffering and rid of suffering was sorted out and analyzed with four dimensions- situatedness, projecting, temporality and mystery to depict the experiences of suffering and rid of suffering. Finally, the literature on biblical spirituality and Christians’ experiences of suffering and rid of suffering was reviewed.
Bases on the viewpoint of the existential phenomenology and linguistic clues from Gee's seven speech context analysis tasks, this research carried out Heidegger’s existential analysis to show the truth and the existence. Two different forms of texts, the Book of Job in the Bible and interviews of three Christians who had suffered and got rid of suffering, were used to describe, restore, visualize and expose the existence of the dasein (sein). The description of suffering and rid of suffering experiences and the relation between rid of suffering and mystery was elucidated.
The results showed that: (1) Christians carried out various “requested” behaviors from the “I” point of view. Under dual breaks of “people and the world” and “people and gods,” they suffered due to “rejecting connection and failing to get what they prayed for.” It revealed the nature of Christians’ suffering experience- “searching for answers during ups and downs”. (2) Christians intended to carry out various "compliant" behaviors from the probable viewpoints of “God.” Under the dual healing of “people and the world” and “people and gods,” they got rid of suffering due to “accepting connection and facing reality”. It reveals the nature of Christians’ rid of suffering experience- “searching for good intention with surrendering to God.” (3) The structure of Christians’ experiences of transforming suffering included four quadrants: “fixed-position with dealing-with-the-midgarth”, “open-mindedness with dealing-with-the-midgarth”, “fixed-position with dealing-with-the-mystery”, and “open-mindedness with dealing-with-the-mystery.” Four modes were named accordingly: “I manipulated by the suffering”, “the suffering manipulated by me”, “God as my servant” and “I as God’s servant.” (4) The “Critical Incident Impact” initiated the transformation of Christians’ suffering and revealed the authentic existential face of “relying on but also not relying on”. Through continuous reflection, inquiry and interpretation, it was a dialectical process going back and forth between “I versus other”, “breaking versus healing” and “space versus time.” The transformation of suffering was a continuously dynamic changing process. “To reveal the truth” would be constantly “in progress” without ending (being "done"). In addition to the dialogue with counseling and psychotherapy, local psychology, and Christian beliefs, this study also provided specific suggestions for counseling practitioners and future research.
Keywords: Christian, existential phenomenology, mystery, projecting, situatedness, temporality, transitional experience of suffering
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