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題名:以正向行為支持改善思覺失調症者之不適當社會行為
作者:王黛玉
作者(外文):WANG,TAI-YUH
校院名稱:國立高雄師範大學
系所名稱:特殊教育學系
指導教授:鈕文英
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2019
主題關鍵詞:機構安置正向行為支持功能評量思覺失調症不適當社會行為institutional placementpositive behavioral supportfunctional assessmentschizophreniainappropriate social behavior
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本研究採取協同行動研究,旨在針對一位機構安置的思覺失調症者――阿烈,在抗精神病藥物控制症狀穩定之前提下,發展正向行為支持計畫,檢視其實施狀況,以及分析正向行為支持計畫在改善思覺失調症者不適當社會行為(不順從行為、不適當情緒表達)、增加正向行為和提升生活品質的情形,分析團隊人員對團隊合作實施之觀感。研究結論如下:
1.發展計畫前,以相關人士報導法和直接觀察法蒐集資料,進行功能評量,結果分析出阿烈不順從行為的原因與功能,依序為取得外在刺激及逃避外在與內在刺激;不適當情緒表達的原因與功能,依序為逃避外在刺激、取得外在刺激及逃避內在刺激。依據功能評量結果,並考慮環境特徵、個體特質及期待、同儕期待及團隊人員想法等因素,擬訂正向行為支持計畫。正向行為支持計畫內容包含:以「前事控制策略」預防不適當社會行為發生;以「生態環境改善策略」改善生活形態及生活作息;以「行為教導策略」教導正向行為,如因應與容忍技能;以「後果處理策略」增強正向行為和改善不適當社會行為;以「其他個體背景因素介入策略」減少阿烈生理困擾。
2.功能評量實施過程中曾面臨:(1)無法掌握的背景因素;(2)功能評量出現不一致看法。解決困境之作法有:(1)調閱監視器或詢問值班人員;(2)和相關人員討論。正向行為支持策略實施過程中曾面臨:(1)機構部分其他住民對研究者雙重角色任務的質疑;(2)面對阿烈想抽菸時與減菸爭議之難題;(3)趁工作人員忙碌或不在場將餐食倒掉或分給同桌住民吃的問題;(4)老化與多重疾病伴隨後續之照護問題;(5)擔憂住院而抗拒至醫院就診問題。解決困境之作法有:(1)溝通及省思在行動研究之角色任務;(2)教導想抽菸時因應方式及以低尼古丁淡菸替代,漸進減少抽菸量;(3)調整用餐座位、同桌用餐的名單及反應代價策略,來改善進食問題;(4)定期門診服藥、規律作息活動及生態環境的支持;(5)事前預告及關鍵工作人員陪同門診。團隊合作實施過程中曾面臨:(1)機構部分工作人員對研究者雙重角色任務的質疑;(2)一位協同研究者中途退出。解決困境之作法有:(1)溝通及省思在行動研究之角色任務,釐清公平之爭議;
(2)資料採用及呈現以曾參與討論為主。
3.正向行為支持計畫能減少阿烈不適當社會行為(不順從行為、不適當情緒表達)的頻率,並增進其正向行為的頻率和提升生活品質。
4.正向行為支持計畫的實施,可改善同伴及團隊人員對阿烈的看法。協同行動研究者與研究者均獲得成長與改變,學習到團隊合作的重要性,可以一致態度來處理改善阿烈的不適當社會行為。
A collaborative action study was adopted to develop a positive behavioral support program to improve inappropriate social behaviors (non-compliance, inappropriate emotional expression), learn positive behaviors, and increase quality of life, review its implementation status, and analyze its effects for Alie diagnosed with schizophrenia and placed in an institution under control of antipsychotic drug. Besides, the team members' perspectives about collaborative teamwork implementation were analyzed. The study was concluded as follows:
1. Before the development plan, the researcher collected data by informant method and direct observation conducted functional assessment. The results analyzed the causes and functions of non-compliance behaviors, in order to acquire external stimuli and avoid external and internal stimuli; the causes and functions of inappropriate emotional expression, in order to avoid external stimuli, acquire external stimuli and avoid internals stimulate. Based on the results of the functional assessment, and taking into account factors such as environmental characteristics, individual traits and expectations, peer expectations and team members' ideas, a positive behavior support plan was developed. The positive behavior support plan included: (a) antecedent control strategies to prevent from inappropriate social behavior, (b) ecological procedures to improve the lifestyle and life routine, (c) teaching alternative skills to instruct positive behavior, i.e., coping and tolerance skills, (d) consequence interventions to increase positive behavior and improve inappropriate social behavior, (e) other strategies to reduce the physical troubles.
2. Functional assessment has been faced during the implementation process: (a) inability to grasp the background factors, (b) inconsistent views on functional assessment. The resolved dilemmas included: (a) viewed monitor or asked on duty, (b) discussed with relevant personnel. Positive behavior support strategies has been faced in the implementation process: (a) some other residents questioned the dual role of the researcher, (b) faced the problem of Alie’s controversy eager to smoke and smoke reduction, (c) the problem that the staff members are busy or not present to dump the food or distribute it to the same table, (d) aging and multiple diseases accompany follow-up care issues, (e) worried about hospitalization and resisting the problem of visiting the hospital. The resolved dilemmas included: (a) communicate and reflect on the role of action research, (b) teached how to cope with the desire to smoke cigarettes and replaced it with light cigarettes, gradually reducing the amount of smoke, (c) adjust the dining table, the list of dining at the same table, and the reaction cost strategy to improve eating problems, (d) regular outpatient medication, regular life routine and ecological support, (e) advance notice and key staff accompany the clinic. Faced with collaborative teamwork implementation: (a) some staff members questioned the dual role of the researcher; (b) a collaborative researcher quit halfway. The resolved dilemmas included: (a) communicate and reflect on the role of action research to clarify fair disputes, (b) the data was adopted and presented to participate in the discussion.
3. The positive behavioral support plan could reduce inappropriate social behavior (non-compliance, inappropriate emotional expression), and increase positive behavior and promotion the quality of life for Alie.
4. The implementation of the positive behavioral support plan can improve the views of peers and team members on Alie. Collaborative researchers and researcher have both grown and changed, learned the importance of collaborative teamwork and improved Alie’s inappropriate social behaviors with a consistent attitude.
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