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題名：台北都會區都市化與物質流對台灣之土地遠距連接影響：能值評估之應用
作者：邱浩瑋
作者(外文)：CHIU, HAO-WEI
校院名稱：國立臺北大學
系所名稱：都市計劃研究所
指導教授：黃書禮
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2019
主題關鍵詞：都市化；都市土地遠距連接；都市永續性；物質能量流；生態不平等交換；能值評估；Urbanization；Urban land teleconnections；Urban sustainability；Material and energy flow；Ecologically unequal exchange；Emergy synthesis
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都市化過程不僅影響都市本身之環境變遷，同時也會因都市的資源消費需求進而增加對外界的仰賴，例如糧食、建材、能源等，影響到遠距地區的環境衝擊或土地使用改變。然而，過去多數研究皆僅針對都市地區本身進行分析，缺少將都市化過程中對遠距地區的影響納入考量。都市土地遠距連接是一種以作用為基礎的概念，其重點在於都市化衍生的作用力不僅影響都市本身或都市週邊地區，而是超越都市行政邊界去影響到遠距地區。故有必要透過都市土地遠距連接之觀點重新思考都市如何對遠距地區造成影響。因此，本研究旨在透過都市土地遠距連接之觀點探討台北都會區與受影響遠距地區之物質能量流動關係，並運用能值評估方法分析台北都會區對遠距地區之影響。首先本研究先瞭解台北都會區生態經濟系統及其資源需求之情形，並指認出受台北都會區影響之關鍵遠距地區。最後，本研究透過兩個案例—蔬果(彰雲嘉地區)與水泥(花蓮地區)—來分析台北都會區都市化過程如何與其資源供給地區產生連結，並以能值交換來討論對當地之自然環境與社會經濟影響。
研究結果顯示，台北都會區都市化因其人口成長及建地擴張帶來的都市需求，需要向台灣其他縣市輸入農產品及建材。此外，台北都會區的建材及農產品需求量也遠大於台灣其他縣市所需。故在這樣物質能量流動的過程當中，台北都會區都市化成為影響台灣遠距地區之環境變遷與衝擊的隱性驅動力。而從案例分析結果指出，不論是蔬果或水泥，遠距地區出售環境資源給台北後都只能得到較低的金錢能值回饋，進而產生生態不平等交換現象。造成生態不平等交換之原因可歸因於金錢僅支付給人類所提供的服務，而非支付給環境系統所提供的貢獻。而因台北都會區都市資源需求而導致的都市與遠距地區間生態不平等交換，亦造成案例地區之土地使用變遷及環境影響。農產品之能值交換結果間接導致彰雲嘉地區土地轉換，形成坡地農業，這反而使彰雲嘉地區在進行農業生產時更加仰賴外界的能值投入。而因水泥產業的管理-生產關係，使得花蓮無法從水泥業獲得較好的生產效益。此外，水泥之低能值交換結果不僅對花蓮的當地經濟沒有太大益處，同時也因水泥製造過程導致當地的環境負荷增加。本研究透過都市化物質流來探討台北都會區對遠距地區之影響，其研究結果可重新反思都市化對環境變遷的影響是超越都市範圍的。因此未來在進行都市研究/都市永續性評估時不應僅針對都市本身，也應將都市對遠距地區造成的衝擊納入考量。
Urbanization not only causes environmental changes in a city but also influences the ecological and socioeconomic changes of distant land areas due to increasing demands for resources. Previous studies on the assessment of urban systems have focused on cities or metropolitan areas and ignored their connection with remote areas. For this reason, there is a need to incorporate urban land teleconnections, which emphasize the effect of the processes of urbanization on remote areas, to investigate the relationship between a city and distant areas. This study, therefore, aims to explore the relationship between the material and energy flows in the Taipei metropolitan area (TMA) and the affected remote areas. Emergy synthesis was applied to evaluate the interaction between the TMA and the associated distant areas that provide food and construction materials. First, the TMA’s ecological-economics system and its resources demand were investigated. Second, the distant areas affected by the TMA were identified. Finally, two cases of connection between the urbanization of the TMA and the TMA’s resource inflow areas were analyzed; their environmental and economic implications via emergy exchange are also discussed. Case one involves vegetable and fruit products from Changhua, Yunlin, and Chiayi counties (Chang-Yun-Chia area); case two involves cement from Hualien county. The results showed that the urbanization of the TMA required a significant amount of imported agricultural products and construction materials from other counties in Taiwan because of the population growth and built-up area expansion. The urbanization of the TMA becomes an underlying driver of environmental changes in the outlying areas under the processes of material and energy flows. Additionally, results indicated that, in terms of both agricultural products and cement, the remote areas that sold environmental products to the TMA could only receive less emergy of money feedback, which led to ecologically unequal exchange. The ecologically unequal exchange resulted from the fact that money was only paid for human services but not for the free work of the environments from which the products were made. The unequal exchange caused land use changes and environmental impacts on the remote areas. The emergy exchange of agricultural products indirectly led to land conversion and hillside agriculture in the Chang-Yun-Chia area, which influenced the agricultural production in the Chang-Yun-Chia area to rely more on the imported emergy. The economy of Hualien county was unable to seek better profits from the cement industry due to the management-production relation of the cement industry. Moreover, the low emergy exchange ratio of cement not only resulted in fewer benefits for the local economy but also increased the environmental loading in Hualien. This study estimated the effects of the material flows and urbanization in the TMA on the land teleconnections of remote areas. The results can contribute to the rethinking of urban sustainability assessments so that rather than considering only the city itself, such assessments should also consider the impacts of urbanization on remote areas.
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