The most distinctive feature of modern concept of marriage, as compared to the tranditional one, consists in the idea that marriage is an affair between two persons and not between two families. The series of legal reform movements from the late Ch'ing through the early Republican era can be seen as a processs in which the spirit of Chinese laws was transformed from familism to individualism, and from patriarchism to contract. The 1928 “Kinship Section of the Preliminary Civil Code” formally proclaimed that marriage is to be decided freely by the two individual partners, and totally abrogated the traditional parental authority in their children's marital arrangement. This transformation, of course, was tremendously influenced by the newly adopted Western ideas and the New Cultural Movement of the early 20th century. This paper will not reiterate these two well-researched sources of impact; instead, it will focus on the 18th and 19th centuries, i.e., the mid-Ch'ing period, when evidential scholarship achieved its greatest bloossoming. It will investigate the change in the meaning of marriage as mainfested in the scholars' exegeses on marital rituals. In doing this, I will show the spontaneous momentum for change in Chinese culture and society, prior to any conscious responses to Western influences. In fact, it is the existence of this momentum that put China in a self-prepared position to respond to the Western impact. This paper will discuss how the idea “being a daghter-in-law is more important than being a man's wife” in Ch'ing scholars' concept of marriage was reversed to that “being a man's wife is more important that being a daghter-in-law.” The assertion that “husband-and-wife is the primary human relationship; a woman must first become a man's wife before she is daughter-in-law to his parents” indicates a reordering of respective importance of the tranditional five human relationships. In the meantime, Ch'ing scholars were brilliant in their explication of “what makes a marriage valid” and “what is husband and wife.” Most interestingly, the concept of “chastity” played a paradoxical role in facilitating this shift. The immediate concern of Ch'ing scholar's exegetic work certainly targeted against the undesriable custom of “maiden chastity” required by their contemporary ethical proporieties; more significantly, however, they were using the original texts to undermine the notion that “parentally arranged engagement” constituted the basis of a marriage, as established in the Ming and Ch'ing legal code. Their advocacy of the concept of “the oneness of husband and wife,” futhermore, was a resolute statement that the substance of marriage must accord with the actual and unforced union between a man and a woman. This paper attempts to indicate how Chinese intellectuals made assaults on tradition and demanded social reforms while they were immersed within a milieu still ruled by traditional mores and sense of propriety. They were already aweakened to the calling of human affections and this was before the inflow of Western concepts of sexual equality and free love. In the disjointedness” of traditional mores latent in this transformation was located the potential for the joint to modernity.