The traditions of deification of emperors have long existed in China and Japan. In China, however, since the mid-Western Han dynasty, the implied deified status of huangdi, "emperor," had been replaced by a more humane tianzi, "son of god," who ruled the world with heaven's mandate (tianming). Japanese emperors were thought to be descendants of the goddess Amaterasu, so the tennou (emperor) was born divine. The concepts of tennou and shinkoku (spiritual state) informed the formation of Japanese orthodoxy. The tennou always embodied the unity of sacrificial and political domains (zaisei gouichi). The spiritual and political union of Shinto performed two social and cultural functions: it legitimized the core power system built on the emperor's blood relations; and, with his "divine lineage," the emperor had the power to summon his people and rally the society around him. Throughout modern times, Sinologists in Japan combined the three Confucian concepts, tianming, tiandao (way of heaven) and wangdao (royal way), to sacralize the emperor; all three terms imply the omnipotence and absoluteness of tian and dao. Through textual interpretation, the Sinologists integrated discourses featuring wangdao and xuetong (descent) to reduce the importance of "rule-by-virtue," presenting the tennou as the son of gods, who is always protected by tiandao and has the absolute power to accomplish gods' will. Their manipulation of notions such as tianming legitimized the emperor's sovereignty and endorsed the emperor's divinity. Furthermore, they expanded the definition of a universal dao to identify Shinto with Confucianism, emphasizing that Japan boasted the sole legitimate Confucianism and the emperor had the mandate of heaven to carry out the dao and promote wangdao governance to China and the rest of the world. This article begins with the traditions of deification of emperors in China and Japan, explaining the relevant concepts of diwang and tennou in Chinese and Japanese history. It then shows how the emperors used these concepts to turn the ideal of a public world into their private property.