The term zhezi in zhezixi (one act play)originally refers to one part of a play written on a folder, also called zhangji (notes held by hand), which is thin and small enough for the readers or audience to hold in their hands easily. In fact, while the experts of Chinese theater in the early Republican period such as Qi Rushan, Zhuang Qingyi and Fu Xihua still used the old terms of zhe (act) or chu (scene), the term zhezixi was not used for a short and independent production of traditional Chinese theater until as late as 1949. Zhezixi is in fact part of the old tradition of Chinese theater, which has appeared as xiqu xiaoxi (small play of the traditional Chinese theater) from Pre-Qin to Tang, duan (part) in the Song and Jin yuanben plays with four parts, zhe in the Northern zaju plays with four acts, and one act short plays in the Ming-Qing folk xiaoxi and Southern zaju drama. Such theatrical convention is formed on the basis of traditional ritual in which drinking is accompanied with music, and the tradition of training a private theatrical troupe at one’s home, which was very popular in the Ming dynasty. Since drinking is usually accompanied with music, the play chosen to be performed cannot be too long. However, the lengths of time required for performing the Northern and Southern drama are different. While one afternoon or one evening for the former is enough, two or three days for the latter would be necessary. In the Zhengde and Jiajing periods of the Ming, there appeared the phenomenona of zhai tao (selected song sets) and san chu (selected scenes), as in the song collections of Shengshi xinsheng (New Sounds for a Magnificent Age) and Yongxi yuefu (Songs from the Bureau of Music in This Era of Peace and Joy). In the Wanli period of the Ming, zhezixi fully developed and entered into a golden age, it still has its energy without decline even now. Though zhezixi was mainly performed in the circle of private theatrical troupes in the Ming and Qing, it was also widely performed in the public theater, courts, temples, taverns, or wine shops, as was clearly recorded in the notes and related materials of literati. For this reason, the zhezixi plays of Kunqu or Beijing Opera have accumulated hundreds and thousands of pieces of work. The fully developed zhezixi has three requirements, such as being short and independent in size and scope, exquisite in theatrical practice, and artistic in performance. The actors and actresses themselves achieved these requirements. While zhezixi cannot reflect the broad vision of the political and social lives as well as the full-length plays, it is condensed and refined enough to convey meaningful themes.