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題名:唐前期兩京畿內制建立考論
書刊名:中國文化研究所學報
作者:蕭錦華
作者(外文):Siu, Kam-wah
出版日期:2008
卷期:17=48
頁次:頁35-79
主題關鍵詞:唐代畿內制
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(2) 博士論文(1) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:1
  • 共同引用共同引用:132
  • 點閱點閱:20
Following the policy of Emperor Wen of the Sui, Emperor Gaozu who founded the Tang dynasty designated Yongzhou, site of the capital Chang'an, as the metropolitan area. As a continuation of the metropolitan system of the Zhou dynasty, he also established the metropolitan Yongzhou as the income base for the emperor and central government officials by prohibiting feudalization and hunting and allocating its land (rent) to the officials. Thus he implemented special administrative and supervision systems in Yongzhou superior to those in the general prefectures and districts. As to the ancient capital Luoyang, he had originally planned to occupy it as the political centre in east China, considering that it was the transportation hub and tax collection and distribution centre. But later he became jealous of Prince Qin, future Emperor Taizong, and downgraded Luozhou from a sub-capital to a military base in east china after realizing that the prince had recruited many followers during his conquest and occupation of Luozhou. Emperor Taizong continued Gaozu's one-prefecture metropolitan system in Yongzhou. He followed the three-environs metropolitan (sanfu) system of the Han dynasty to designate the eight prefectures including Yongzhou and its six supporting environs (liufu) as the multi-prefecture metropolitan area. This multi-prefecture metropolitan area where the twelve armies of Guanzhong were stationed served as the centre of corvée and military service to deal with domestic trouble and foreign invasion. It also became the new income base for the emperor and central officials. To maintain the economic and military power of the metropolitan area, Taizong established its eastern, western and southern boundary passes, prohibited its registered household from moving outside, and put it under vigorous supervision. Owing to Luozhou's superior status, he transformed it from a military base into a general prefecture approximate to metropolitan prefecture (jinei zhou) by repairing the Luoyang Palace, establishing part of the capital bureaucracy in Luoyang, expanding its territory, and increasing its districts, forts and population. He also made efforts to stabilize society in Luozhou and its proximity in order to establish a multi-prefecture metropolitan system. His capital and metropolitan construction in Luozhou served several purposes. The most important ones were consolidating the rule in east and south China and balancing the economic burden of this area and the metropolitan area. He also aimed at holding the feng-shan ceremony on Taishan to legitimatize his rule, invading Korea, visiting Bingzhou and touring the palaces and gardens in the capital Luoyang for pleasure. However, he could visit Luozhou only three times and build the capital and metropolitan system to a limited extent due to foreign invasions from the west, and frequent occurrence of natural calamities in east China. Despite the limited development, Tang people still accepted Taizong's measures and generally regarded Luoyang and Luozhou as the sub-capital and its metropolitan area. Emperor Gaozong further developed Taizong's one-prefecture metropolitan system by initiating a special fish-tally system (yufuji) in the military and personnel arena of Yongzhou. To meet the increasing corvée demand and strengthen the western defense of Chang'an, he also designated the 500-mile circumference of Yongzhou, approximately ten prefectures, as its multi-prefecture metropolitan area in addition to the metropolitan Yongzhou. As the role of this multi-prefecture metropolitan area as the income base for the emperor and central government officials and the corvée and military centre became more evident, Gaozong established one more boundary pass in its west border for stronger defense and tightened its supervision. During his reign, he visited Luozhou seven times and formally built Luoyang as the eastern capital, taking into consideration not only the above purposes but also the severe economic crisis and Empress Wu's desire at that time. He regarded Luoyang as a temporary political base for the central government to reside at the beginning and designated only Luozhou as its one-prefecture metropolitan area. However, the frequent residence of the central government in Luozhou inevitably made it more politically significant. His metropolitan building measures further expanded the territory of Luozhou and laid the foundation of its metropolitan territory throughout the Tang dynasty but made its administration more complex. The multi-prefecture metropolitan system in the reigns of Emperor Taizong and Gaozong not only developed into the more extensive multi-prefecture metropolitan system including the four-side boundary pass (simian guan) system in Empress Wu's reign, but also gradually transformed the supervisory system of metropolitan and sub-metropolitan circuit since Emperor Zhongzong's reign. The one-prefecture metropolitan system of dual capitals initiated by Emperor Gaozong also evolved into an unified and peculiar administration system for the two metropolitan areas (liangjiji) which was implemented from Empress Wu's reign through the late Tang dynasty.
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