Liu Shipei was a modern Chinese revolutionary renowned for his fast shifting political commitments. Liu, however, has attracted historians’ attention mostly because, by looking into his intellectual trajectory, one can better understand the searches, visions, problems, and difficulties of his contemporaries. Following earlier historical explorations, this essay examines Liu’s revolutionary thought and its implications. My discussion begins with the calls for “protecting the race” (baozhung 保種), “protecting the teachings” (baojiao 保教) and “protecting the nation” (baoguo 保國) after the Sino-Japanese war of 1894, which in the end culminated into emphasizing “protecting the nation” as the first priority. After situating Liu in this context of protecting and redefining the meanings of race, the teachings and the nation, I study in particular Liu’s ideas of “complete person” (wanquanzhiren 完全之人) and “complete equality” (wanquanzhipingdeng 完全之平等). The former signifies Liu’s republican revolutionary ideal personality, i.e., the embodiment of both public and private morality, whereas the latter, in contrast, stands for Liu’s anarchist ideal social arrangement and reflects his novel concern for society rather than the character of the citizen. Explicating the contents of these two ideals and the process by which the ideal of “complete person” gave way to “complete equality,” this essay has illuminated that Liu mobilized both Chinese and Western sources in answering traditional Chinese concerns against despotism and inequality as well as modern Chinese needs for redefining the nation (politics) and the teachings (ethics). In short, Liu first appealed to the traditional Chinese ideal of “publicness” and Rousseau’s idea of social contract for achieving the political pursuit of “publicness” and later connected the traditional Chinese ideal of equality to Western anarchism in order to realize the traditional Chinese economic pursuit of equality for all. By disclosing Liu’s revolutionary ideas and their implications, one could not only identify Liu’s historical significance but also understand the challenges for the idea of loyalty in modern China, the changes in the ideas of “nation,” “politics” and “ethics” in modern Chinese intellectual history, and the depth of the crisis of authority of modern Chinese political and ethical thinking.