The issue of returning indigenous objects from museum collections drew much attention from the international community and the United Nations in the 1970s, and had a profound impact on museums. The aims of this paper are to understand the implications or values related to this issue, such as conflicts between the attitude toward human remains and the needs of science and education, as well as the strategies to address them. As museums and academia accept ideas or world views of the indigenous people, they develop new guidelines for museum practices, such as the recognition of indigenous people’s spiritual ownership and rights over artifacts in museum collections, which have led to a cooperative partnership with indigenous peoples. This paper takes the case of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act 1990 as an example to illustrate the principles and concepts behind decisions of what should be returned in the United States, as well as the relation between the returned artifacts and the establishment of indigenous or community museums, and the preservation or revival of community identity. To safeguard intangible cultural heritage, the definition of museum has to be extended. It cannot be limited to the preservation of its collection, but must also include the safeguarding of traditional and cultural practices, which provides museums with new roles. Finally, through domestic cases, the thinking regarding access to museum collections in Taiwan is discussed. The topics that are addressed include the establishment of a mechanism that allows access to and participation by not only academics but also amateur researchers and local people and the balancing of public interests and privacy.