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題名:門裡門外誰照顧、平價普及路迢迢?臺灣嬰兒照顧政策之體制內涵分析
書刊名:臺灣社會研究季刊
作者:王舒芸
作者(外文):Wang, Shu-yung
出版日期:2014
卷期:96
頁次:頁49-93
主題關鍵詞:兒童照顧去家庭化育嬰假育兒津貼托育政策Child careDe-familializationParental leaveChild care subsidiesChild care policy
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(14) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(1)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:14
  • 共同引用共同引用:302
  • 點閱點閱:353
福利國家在發展的黃金時期,主要透過所得移轉與再分配的策略,達到去商品化與去階層化的目標。但在過去兩個世紀裡,各國經歷重要的社會與人口變遷,無疑帶來新的挑戰,其中低生育率不僅深化高扶養比的社會風險,也對勞動市場產生質變。父母親的「養家者」角色及「照顧者」角色,成為重要分析與介入面向。據此,在討論「兒童照顧責任去家庭化」時,必須清楚區分「兒童照顧責任」並非單一面向,金錢(兒童津貼制度)、時間(親職假)、及服務(托育體系),構成三大軸心內涵。但各國對不同政策之偏好與組合,呈現了「去」家庭化與「再」家庭化兩種截然不同的影響方向。因此各國採取了不同比重的政策組合,於焉其適用對象、所得替代水準、給付期限、財務可負擔性、服務品質與可近性,均有相當的差異存在。 台灣嬰兒照顧政策歷經幾番轉折,在2001年前幾乎被視為家庭責任,殘補是主要精神,因此補助對象均為中低收入戶,是典型「隱含的家庭主義」;直到2001年保母系統成立、2002年育嬰假立法通過,政府才開始分擔一般家庭的照顧責任,且去/再家庭化的路徑在此階段同時萌芽,但因缺乏財務補貼,因此受益人口有限;直到2008 年至2011 年,保母托育費用補助及育嬰留職津貼上路,正式邁向「選擇性家庭主義」,兩者均強調工作福利的特色,家長可在勞動參與及家庭照顧間較自由的移動。但這特色在2012年因未就業家長育兒津貼、及去管制化的保母補助新制,轉向為「明顯的家庭主義」。整體而言台灣0-未滿兩歲的照顧制度在2012年塵埃落定,在受益對象上看似從殘補擴張到每種照顧都有國家政策支持,在體制建構上踏出重要的一步,且給付金額也在各方案中力求等值均一,看似重視公平與支持家庭選擇。但本文指出,因制度設計及文化價值的限制,使得普及平價的公共性目標看來路迢迢:在制度層次,雖去/再家庭化的策略並存,但過於倚賴提倡消費者自主的津貼,給付水準又低,無法保障實際照顧者的經濟自主,缺乏去商品化的效果;家外照顧的收費仍奉行自由市場邏輯,未實施定價機制,削弱去家庭化的誘因強度。再者,文化層次上,受限於競爭論述、對政府提供的服務不夠信任、未處理密集母職的迷思、與家戶內性別分工不均等文化與價值議題,也阻礙了制度分擔家庭照顧責任的程度。
East Asian countries present as exemplary cases of male breadwinner welfare model in the sense that childcare is always considered as family responsibility. However, an increase in female labor force participation as well as dramatic declining fertility rate simultaneous occurred during the past decades, thus posed challenges in most East Asian countries in general, and specifically for Taiwan, as the fertility rate is one of the lowest in the world recently. As a result, childcare policies have been undergone transformation and reconfiguration. Accordingly, whether these newly policy developments represent the ideal and institutional break with the male breadwinner model becomes the heated debate. This paper aims to identify what are the major features of childcare expansion? What are the policy discourses and debates regarding the ideal role of state in terms of governing, funding, and provision? And what kinds of strategies government actually or intends to implement in order to creating a conducive environment for childbearing? The preliminary results shows that, though with more financial investment and regulation from government, the structure of care provision, and caring ideology still remains unchanged. However, the core feature of infant care is strong re-familiailsm and limited liberal de-familialism. In terms of the changing role of government, though increasing intervention and investment in childcare, major strategy is subsidy-oriented, in the discourse of market mechanism and parental choice.
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15.兒童局(2012)。建構友善托育環境:保母托育管理與托育費用補助實施計畫,http://www.cbi.gov.tw/CBI_2/upload/e3794a7a-538e-4c63-8591-57ba7d449142.pdf, 2013/09/15。  延伸查詢new window
16.兒童局(2012)。中華民國九十九年臺閩地區兒童及少年生活狀況調査報告分析(兒童摘要版),http://wwwxbi.gov.tw/CBI_2/imemet/main/doc/doc_detail.aspx?uid=141&docid=2063, 2013/0915。  延伸查詢new window
17.苦勞網(2012)。我們需要完善的保母管理系統,http://www.coolloud.org.tw/node/72151, 2013/09/12。  延伸查詢new window
18.勞工保險局(2011)。給付業務(含育嬰津貼):育嬰留職停薪津貼--給付標準及期限,http://www.bli.gov.tw/sub.aspx?a=tT3S%2fAWO6SE%3d, 2013/08/25。  延伸查詢new window
19.勞動部(2013)。育嬰殘職停薪津貼核付情形,http://statdb.cla.gov.tw/statis/webproxy.aspx?sys=210&kind=21&type=l&funid=q06052&rdm=ffffffff, 2013/09/07。  new window
20.華視(2013)。1夜2女嬰離奇亡,保母兒子起訴,http://tw.news.yahoo.com/l夜2女嬰離奇亡-保母-兒子起訴-040000072.html, 2013/09/12。  延伸查詢new window
21.衛福部社家署(2011)。父母未就業家庭育兒津貼實施計畫,http://www.sfaa.gov.tw/SFAA/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=92&pid=318, 2013/09/15。  延伸查詢new window
22.衛福部社家署(2013)。公私協力平價托嬰中心及托育資源中心:公私協力托嬰中心,http://www.sfaa.gov.tw/downloadfamily/132.jhtml, 2013/12/30。  延伸查詢new window
23.衛福部社家署(2013)。取得保母技術士證照人數統計,http://www.sfeagov.tw/statisdcsfamily/346.jhtml, 2013/09/15。  延伸查詢new window
24.衛福部社家署(2013)。社區保母系統推動概況表,http://www.sfaa.gov.tw/statisticsfamily/346.jhtml, 2013/09/15。  延伸查詢new window
25.衛福部社家署(2013)。父母未就業家庭育兒津貼的申領作業要點,http://www.sfaa.gov.tw/SFAA/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=92&;pid=318, 2013/09/15。  延伸查詢new window
26.衛福部社家署(2013)。性別平等共識營(嘉義場次)簡報資料。  延伸查詢new window
圖書論文
1.吳淑箐(2006)。台灣托育服務現況。托育服務。台北:心理。  延伸查詢new window
2.王舒芸、王品(2014)。台灣照顧福利的發展與困境:1990-2012。台灣婦女處境白皮書:2014年。女書文化。  延伸查詢new window
3.Borchorst, A.(2002)。Danish child care policy: Continuity rather than radical change。Child care policy at the crossroads: Gender and welfare state。NY:Routledge。  new window
4.Borchorst, A.(2008)。Women-friendly policy paradoxes? Childcare policies and gender equality visions in Scandanavia。Gender equality and welfare politics in Scandinavia: The limits of political ambition?。Bristol:Policy Press。  new window
5.Ellingsseter, A. L.(2006)。The Norwegian childcare regime and its paradoxes。Politicising parenthood in Scandinavia: Gender pelations in welfare states。Bristol:The Policy Press。  new window
6.Knijn, T.(1998)。Social care in the Netherlands。Gender social care and welfare state restructuring in Europe。Ashgate:Aldershot。  new window
7.Kremer, M.(2002)。The illusion of free choice: Ideals of care and child care policy in the Flemish and Dutch welfare states。Child care policy at the crossroads: Gender and welfare state restructuring。London:Routledge。  new window
8.Leira, A.(2006)。Parenthood change and policy reform in Scandinavia, 1970s-2000s。Politicising Parenthood in Scandinavia: Gender Relations in Welfare States。The Policy Press。  new window
9.Leira, A.、Saraceno, C.(2009)。Contested concepts in gender and social politics。Care: Actors, relationship and contexts。Edward Elgar。  new window
10.Morgan, K. J.(2011)。Promoting social investment through work-family policies: Which nations do it and why?。Towards a social investment welfare state? ideas, policies and challenges。The Policy Press。  new window
11.Repo, K.、Sipila, J.、Rissanen,T.、Viitasalo, N.(2010)。The paradox of cash-for-childcare: Are there ways to solve the dilemma?。Cash for childcare: The consequences for caring mothers。Edward Elgar Publishing。  new window
12.Ellingsæter, A. L.、Leira, A.(2006)。Epilogue: Scandinavian policies of parenthood--A success story?。Politicising parenthood in Scandinavia: Gender relations in welfare states。Bristol:Policy Press。  new window
13.王淑英、賴幸媛(1997)。台灣的托育困境與國家的角色。女性、國家、照顧工作。台北:女書文化。new window  延伸查詢new window
14.王淑英、張盈堃(20000000)。多元文化與托育服務 : 政體中心觀點的探討。臺灣的社會福利運動。臺北:巨流。new window  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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