人口老化是全球共同趨勢。成功老化為台灣及其他國家每位老人家所寄望追求的目標，更是政府施政主要目標之一，幸福感一向被視為衡量成功老化的重要指標。在台灣高齡者以槌球為老年休閒活動逐漸風行，而過去對高齡者休閒活動對幸福感的影響及為何參與槌球活動之相關研究，主要以直接要求受試者以個人主觀偏好進行評價或單純的去尋找影響參與槌球行為的因素，欠缺對於連接接受原因與接受行為間心理機制的瞭解，其研究結果只能回答“What”的問題，無法深入瞭解高齡者接受行為的知覺推理與感受過程，同時會有不穩定的情形。因此這些研究結果對高齡者參與槌球休閒活動概況的瞭解與發展或許有所助益，但對問題的整體深入掌握與處理並不充分。社會心理學中的計畫行為理論(theory of planned behavior, TPB)是運用個人的態度、主觀規範與知覺行為控制去預測個體去參與某一特定活動之行為理論，該理論廣泛被接受並已成功應用於各種領域之研究。本研究以TPB做為研究模式的核心部分，探討高齡者參與槌球行為與幸福感之影響，並根據高齡者參與槌球活動相關文獻的影響因素，建構外生因素。除了保留影響主觀規範之外生因素「規範信念」與「依從動機」外，提出與TPB所提相對應之外生影響因素。例如以「易學性」和「有用性」兩個因素，替代原影響TPB行為態度面向中的外生因素，信念評估與結果評價。主要原因是，當老人選擇參與休閒運動時將考量槌球具備易於老人學習之「易學性」與其有利身心健康之「有用性」。並以「自我效能」與「資源促進條件」取代原影響TPB中的知覺行為控制的外生因素「控制信念」與「知覺簡易」，主要原因是高齡者選擇參與休閒運動時，將考量資源、時間、方便性等外在因素，同考量自我過去的經驗，確認自己能夠參與槌球活動。總之，本研究結合高齡者參與槌球活動相關文獻建構一個整體性的高齡者參與槌球活動行為與幸福感模式，同時探討那些外生因變會影響高齡者參與槌球活動的行為態度、主觀規範與知覺行為控制。具體而言，本研究主要探討(1)高齡者參與槌球活動是否對幸福感有影響？(2)TPB核心因素（行為態度、主觀規範、知覺行為控制）是否對高齡者參與槌球實際行為有影響？(3)影響高齡者參與槌球活動的外生因素為何？(4)高齡者接受槌球活動的整體知覺推理過程行為與幸福感模式是否適當？本研究預期貢獻在理論上，廣大TBP理論應用於運動休閒活動；在實務上，期望能提供政府及民間福利機構、槌球協會組織在發展及推廣老人參與槌球之具體建議，有效達成「成功老化」心願。

Population aging is a common trend in the world. Successful aging is an expected goal for every older adult. It is also one of the main objectives of the government policy. Well-being has been considered an important indicator of successful aging. In the past there have been some researchers focused in elderly leisure activities on well-being. Gateball has increasingly become popular leisure activity for the older adults in Taiwan. Although many studies have focused on identifying various factors influencing older adults acceptance behavior of playing gateball and their well-being, researchers are still developing playing gateball evaluation techniques, using subjective approaches based on individual preferences, or simply to find the factors that influence participation gateball behavior. These approaches lack of well-constructed theoretical models for the connection between cause and accepted understanding of behavioral and psychological mechanisms. In addition, the findings only be answered “What” questions, but cannot understand the behavior of the elderly to accept the reasoning of perception and feeling process, while there will be an unstable situation. As a result, although subjective researchers have made some contributions to overview concept of the development of gateball, they may not have adequately required direct evaluations through perceptive reasoning processes. So a deep understanding of the problem and treatment is not sufficient. Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is the use of a personal attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control to predict the behavior of individuals to participate in a particular activities, TPB is widely accepted and has been successful used in various fields of study. Based on TPB, an integrated model was developed to explore the behavior of the elderly to participate in gateball and well-being. Also, through reviewing of gateball activities literature, author identified several antecedents contributing to playing gateball behavior and those affecting attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. For example: the two exogenous factors “easy to learn” and “usefulness” to replace the original exogenous factors, behavior belief and outcome evaluation. And “self-efficacy” and “resource facilitating conditions” to replace the original TPB exogenous factors, control beliefs and perceived ease. In summary, this study focuses on: (1) Investigating whether elderly participants gateball activities impact on well-being; (2) Investigating whether TPB core factor (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control) have a positive effect on the elderly playing gateball; (3) Investigating whether the six exogenous factors (perceived usefulness, easy to learn, normative belief, normation to comply, self-efficacy and resource facilitating conditions) have a positive effect on the elderly’s playing gateball; (4) Investigating whether the integrated model can appropriately explain the exercise behavior of older adults and well-being. Results of this study not only extend the application of TPB in leisure activities, but also can provide the gateball associations and government with a theoretical study model and professionals with information for developing and promotion of the elderly gateball as well as help older adults to pursue successful aging.